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Scientific Revolution
Questioning science and astronomy, followed natural law
Nicholas Copernicus
Polish monk and astronomer who developed a heliocentric model of the universe.
Galileo Galilei
Italian astronomer who supported the heliocentric theory and was later arrested by the Catholic Church.
Isaac Newton
English mathematician and physicist who discovered the law of gravity and proved Copernicus' heliocentric model.
John Locke
Belief that people have natural rights that must be protected by the government.
Baron de Montesquieu
Belief that government needs to have three branches to prevent an absolute monarchy
Jean-Jacques Rousseau - Social Contract
Agreement of regular people with the government, power at the hands of the people.
Voltaire
Advocated for freedom of speech, politics, and religion and against state religion.
Adam Smith
Laissez-faire economics, where the government should not intervene in the economy.
Mary Wollstonecraft
Argued that the Enlightenment excluded women and advocated for women’s rights.
Enlightenment Despotism
Saying they’re king or queen because they’re useful not because of god
Robespierre
Radical leader during the French Revolution's Reign of Terror
Napoleonic Code
Law code established by Napoleon Bonaparte that promoted equality for citizens in the French empire.
Toussaint Louverture
Educated former slave who led the Haitian Revolution against European colonizers.
Simon Bolivar
Creole leader in South America inspired by the Enlightenment and French Revolution.
Congress of Vienna
Meeting to restore order and stability in Europe after Napoleon, crushing revolution and nationalism
Otto Von Bismarck
Prussian Chancellor who developed realpolitik and led German unification.
Giuseppe Garibaldi
Military general associated with Italian Unification
Count Camillo de Cavour
Intellectual figure associated with Italian Unification
New Machinery of the Industrial Revolution
Spinning Jenny and Water Frame
Capitalism
Economic system advocating for individual ownership of business instead of government
Karl Marx
Wrote Communist Manifesto (1848)
Berlin Conference
conference led by Otto von Bismarck to divide Africa into spheres of influence.
Boxer Rebellion
Chinese Nationalists who killed British foreigners
Meiji Restoration
Process of westernization, modernization, and industrialization in Japan.
Long term Causes of WW1 (MAIN)
Militarism, Alliances, Imperialism, Nationalism
Article 231 of the Treaty of Versailles
Germany takes full blame for WW1.
Vladimir Lenin
Leader of the Bolsheviks and promised peace, bread, and land redistribution
Stalin's 5 year plan
Plans to rapidly industrialize the USSR.
Collectivization of Agriculture
Policy to make enough food for the entire country done FORCIBLY
German invasion of Poland (1939)
Invasion that sets off WW2
Battle of Stalingrad
Battle in which German troops caught in Russian winter, USSR wins. Turning point in WW2!!
Atomic Bombs
US drops atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki to force Japan to surrender.
NUREMBERG LAWS!!! (1935)
Denied jews citizenship, prohibited jewish and german marriage, prevented jews from farming, teaching and journalism.
WANNSEE CONFRENCE
Turning to genocide - “final solution to the jewish question”
Gandhi's Leadership
Peaceful protest and civil disobedience
Partition of India (1947)
Caused by conflict between Hindus and Muslims and resulted in refugee/migration crisis
Iron Curtain Speech by Churchill
recognition of division between comm and democratic
Domino Theory
US wants to combat communism being spread into more counties
Marshall Plan (1948)
US gave economic aid to rebuild Europe but ultimately so the country can rebuild and combat the spread of communism
Symbol of the Cold war
Berlin Wall (1961)
Detente
relaxation of cold war tensions
Gorbachev’s Soviet Union
Goal is to reform economy using perestroika
The Four Modernizations (economy)
Goal: reform china’s economy
Tiananmen Square Massacre (1989)
Students protest that called for individual freedoms and democracy and the government responded with military
PAN AFRICANISM!!
Nationalism
Fall of Apartheid
ANC civil disobedience
Ataturk
modernize and westernize turkey
Balfour Declaration!!! (1917)
statement by british govt supporting the idea of a jewish state as long as there’s no persecution against palestinians
SIX DAY WAR
Egypt blocked Israel’s access to the red sea, Israel attacked, in six days, Israel took control of the West Bank and the Gaza Strip and controlled all of Jerusalem
United Nations Declaration of Human Rights (1948)
state the basic rights of all human beings