LS6000 Anatomy & Physiology II Lecture-Final Exam Review Sheet

What is Infant Respiratory Distress Syndrome (RDS)?

A life-threatening condition caused by a lack of surfactant in the lung that affects premature infants.

What does dyspnea refer to?

Labored or difficulty breathing.

What is Cheyne-Stokes respiration?

A repetitive cycle of alternating hyperventilation and apnea experienced by critically ill patients.

What is atelectasis?

A collapse or incomplete expansion of a lung.

What is internal respiration?

The exchange of gases between the cells and the blood.

What is the role of the Inspiratory Reserve Volume?

It is the amount of air that can be forcibly taken in after normally inhaling.

What is hemothorax?

A condition where blood accumulates in the pleural space.

What are conchae and turbinates?

Shelf-like structures that protrude into the nasal cavity on each side.

What is the function of the renal medulla?

To regulate urine concentration by filtering out water, salts, and acid.

What is glycosuria?

The presence of glucose in urine due to a failure in the reabsorption process.

What does resorption mean in the context of the nephron?

The process by which most material in the nephron moves back into the blood.

What is micturition?

The process by which urine is passed out of the body.

What are seminiferous tubules?

Tubular structures found in the lobes of the testes that make up most of the mass of testicular tissue.

What are Cowper’s glands?

Small, pea-sized glands in the male reproductive system that secrete a clear, thick, alkaline fluid prior to ejaculation.

What is the corpus luteum?

The hormone-secreting structure formed after ovulation from the ruptured follicle.

What is cryptorchidism?

A condition when the testes fail to descend into the scrotum.

What are uterine tubes?

Also called oviducts or fallopian tubes, they transport the egg from the ovary to the uterus.

What is the function of the cervix?

Acts as a passageway and gatekeeper within the female reproductive system.

What hormone is responsible for stimulating immature ovarian follicles?

Follicle-stimulating hormone.

What is the clitoris?

A structure of the female external genitalia composed of erectile tissue.

What is the proliferative phase?

The phase of the menstrual cycle that directly precedes ovulation.

What does amenorrhea mean?

The absence of normal menstruation.

What is salpingitis?

Inflammation of the fallopian/uterine tubes.

What characterizes asexual reproduction?

Requires only one parent and produces genetically similar offspring.

What structures make up the larynx?

Vocal cords, thyroid cartilage, and the epiglottis.

Which bones contain paranasal sinuses?

Ethmoid, maxilla, and frontal bones.

Where are chemoreceptors that regulate breathing found?

In the carotid artery and the aorta.

What constitutes the upper respiratory tract?

The pharynx, larynx, and nose.

What is the role of respiratory mucosa?

Helps trap contaminants and humidify inspired air.

How is most carbon dioxide carried in the blood?

As bicarbonate ions.

What is the renal pelvis?

An expansion of the upper end of the ureter.

What are the main functions of the urinary system?

Removing waste products from the blood, maintaining electrolyte balance, and regulating pH level.

What does the papilla of the renal pyramids open into?

The calyx.

What is the glomerulus?

A network of capillaries in the kidney essential for filtering blood.

Where are the kidneys located in relation to the peritoneal cavity?

Outside the peritoneal cavity and surrounded by a layer of fat.

What does Bowman’s capsule do?

Filters blood to create urine and is found in the renal corpuscles.

What is the proximal convoluted tubule?

The first segment of the renal tubules.

What medical issue can urinary catheter insertion treat?

Urinary retention.

What hormone stimulates the formation of red blood cells?

Erythropoietin.

What is Viagra known to impact?

The corpus spongiosum and corpus cavernosum, erectile tissues in the penis.

What are the functions of estrogen?

Development of female reproductive organs, initiation of the first menstrual cycle, and development of secondary sexual characteristics.

What hormone is most responsible for ovulation?

Lutenizing hormone.

How many functional gametes are produced in oogenesis?

Only one functional gamete.

What cells primarily secrete testosterone?

Leydig cells in the testes.