LS6000 Anatomy & Physiology II Lecture-Final Exam Review Sheet
Respiratory, Urinary and Reproductive Systems
Infant Respiratory Distress Syndrome, RDS, also called, hyaline membrane disease, is a life-threatening condition caused by a lack of surfactant in the lung that affects premature infants.
Dyspnea refers to labored or difficulty breathing.
Cheyne-Stokes respiration is when critically ill patients experience a repetitive cycle of alternating hyperventilation
apnea is a temporary cessation of breathing.
Atelectasis is a collapse or incomplete expansion of a lung.
Internal respiration is the exchange of gases between the cells and the blood. It requires higher oxygen concentration in the blood than in the cells.
Inspiratory Reserve Volume is the amount of air that can be forcibly taken in after normally inhaling.
Hemothorax is a condition where blood accumulates in the pleural space (cavity, between the lung and chest wall).
Conchae and turbinates are the shelf-like structures that protrude into the nasal cavity on each side.
Renal Medulla is the innermost portion of the kidney. Its primary function is to regulate urine concentration by filtering out water, salts and acid. The medulla contains Loops of Henle, vasa recta, medullary collecting ducts, interstitium and renal papilla.
Glycosuria is the presence of glucose in urine and can develop due to a failure in the reabsorption process of urine formation.
Resorption is the process by which most of the material in the nephron moves back into the blood.
The process by which urine is passed out of the body is referred to as micturition, voiding and urination.
Seminiferous tubules are the tubular structures found in the lobes of the testes that make up most of the mass of testicular tissue.
Cowper’s glands, also known as bulbourethral glands, are small, pea-sized glands located in the male reproductive system, that secrete a clear, thick, alkaline fluid prior to ejaculation.
Corpus luteum is the hormone-secreting structure that is formed after ovulation from the ruptured follicle, but degenerates after a few days unless pregnancy is started.
Cryptorchidism is a condition when the testes fail to descend into the scrotum.
Uterine tubes, also called oviducts and fallopian tubes, transport the egg, oocyte, from the ovary to the uterus.
Cervix is the narrow, lower part of the uterus, acts as a crucial passageway and gatekeeper within the female reproductive system. It facilitates sperm entry, allows menstrual flow and dilates during childbirth.
Follicle-stimulating hormone is most responsible for stimulating immature ovarian follicles to start growing and stimulates spermatogenesis.
Clitoris is the structure of the female external genitalia composed of erectile tissue.
Proliferative phase is the phase of the menstrual cycle that directly precedes ovulation.
Amenorrhea is the absence of normal menstruation.
Salpingitis is inflammation of the fallopian/uterine tubes.
Asexual reproduction requires only one parent and produces offspring that genetically age like the parent.
The larynx consists of vocal cords, thyroid cartilage and the epiglottis.
The ethmoid, maxilla and frontal bones, all contain paranasal sinuses.
Structures that drain into the nasal cavity are the ethmoid sinus, the frontal sinus and the lacrimal sacs.
Chemoreceptors that help regulate breathing are found in the carotid artery and the aorta.
The upper respiratory tract contains the pharynx, the larynx and the nose.
The trachea and the lungs are part of the lower respiratory tract. The bronchi are also part of the respiratory system.
Respiratory mucosa helps trap contaminants found in inspired air and to humidify inspired air, but does not directly assist in the exchange of gases between blood and the air.
In the blood, most carbon dioxide is carried as bicarbonate ions.
Renal pelvis is actually an expansion of the upper end of the ureter.
Functions of the urinary system include removing waste products from the blood, maintaining proper electrolyte balance in the blood and maintaining the proper pH level of the blood.
The papilla of the renal pyramids opens into the calyx.
The glomerulus is a network of capillaries within the kidney that plays an essential role in filtering blood. These capillaries are a component of the nephron, the functional unit of the kidney, but their function in filtering blood connects them directly to the circulatory system.
The kidneys are outside the peritoneal cavity, are surrounded by a layer of fat and the right kidney is slightly lower than the left kidney due to the presence of the liver on the right side of the body.
The juxtaglomerular apparatus of the kidneys releases a hormone that constricts blood vessels.
Bowman’s capsule, a cup-shaped structure in the kidney that filters blood to create urine and is found in the renal corpuscles.
Filtration, the urine formation process, occurs in the renal corpuscles.
The proximal convoluted tubule is the first segment of the renal tubules.
The insertion of a urinary catheter can be used to treat urinary retention.
Erythropoietin is secreted by the kidneys and stimulates the formation of red blood cells.
The corpus spongiosum and corpus cavernosum would have the greatest impact from using the drug, Viagra.
There are two columns of corpus cavernosum in the penis, and it is erectile tissue.
Functions of estrogen include development and maturation of the female reproductive organs, initiation of the first menstrual cycle and appearance of pubic hair and breast development.
Lutenizing hormone is most responsible for ovulation.
In oogenesis there is only one functional gamete produced. In spermatogenesis, there are four viable gametes produced.
Testosterone is primarily secreted by the Leydig cells in the testes located in the interstitial tissue (cells) between the seminiferous tubules where sperm are produced.