Criminal Justice 200 Chapters 5 & 6: Police History, Organization, Roles, & Functions

What society do police work in as a primary form of social control ?

democratic society, does not occur in a vacuum

The relationship between the police and the environment in which they operate is both …

Interactive and recursive

What branch are the police apart of

Executive branch

The police are required to operate within the parameters of ..

the substantive, procedural, and case law

Where did the need for organizing policing originate

England

Early police reformers

fielding , colquhoun, peel, Rowan & mayne

What was law enforcement initially performed by ?

watchmen , constables, and sheriffs

When was Boston department formalized ?

1838

When was nyc department formalized ?

1844

When was philadelphia department formalized ?

1854

What were major concerns during formative years ?

should police wear distinctive uniforms, be armed, & how much force the police should use

What are the several factors of “ political spoils/entrenchment” era

Jobs were highly desirable, appts were based upon political affiliation, wars bosses had considerable influence, police were used to intimidate citizens and political opponents

what came about due to the “professional era “

Formation of the IACP in 1893, management philosophy of August vollmer, writings of O.W. Wilson, numerous investigate commissions

The trend toward professionalism alsoncoincided within

the shift in the role of law enforcement, increased emphasis on a bureaucratic model of organization, advances in tech related to crime detection/investigations

The “ modern era “ of policing factors

Several significant Supreme Court decisions, increased availability of specialized training , a growing crime problem with raised questions regarding effectiveness of the police, efforts to integrate the police in terms of both race and gender

what do most people think that the police are regularly engaged in

Shootouts, high speed chases, interrogations, undercover operations , etc

What police really do is actually quite ..

Boring and not as glamorous as one might think

Most of what the pool ice do in reality reduces to what is best described as

Order maintenance- making sure that things don’t get “ out of hand “

Federal agencies are organized under

The u.s. department of justice

What do federal agencies work to enforce

federal laws and support the work of state and local agencies

The early work of ___ helped to illustrate these differences through his book _____

James Q Wilson “ Varieties of police behavior “

When was “ varieties of police behavior “ published

1968

Watchman

characterized by an emphasis on order ,maintenance, broad discretion, neighborhood officers, foot patrols

Legalistic

characterized by emphasis on policy, limited discretion, strict enforcement m proactive strategies, professional imagery

Service

Characterized by effort to meet needs & expectations, attention to special populations, community partnerships, crime prevention programs

Caveats

A gross oversimplification that may be historically bound , most agencies need to be flexible , officers may employ their own individual style

the three most common operational units

Patrol, investigations, and traffic

Are operational units separate and distinct from support units

Yes

Operational units

Organized divisions that exist in the delivery of core services to the public

The patrol division is referred to as the

“backbone “

The most visible component of the agency

Patrol operations

The traditional responsibilities of the patrol division were first articulated by

O.W. Wilson

What did o.w. Wilson suggest

That officers patrol their beats, remain alert for conditions that jeopardize safety, and be prepared to take action as necessary

Officers are assigned to bests or districts that are created for two purposes

Equal protection

Accountability

methods for determining beat boundaries

naturally occurring geographic landmarks, number of offenses , calls for service received, committed versus uncommitted time

The logic behind traditional preventive patrol is that

High visibility deters crime and that rapid response enhances public satisfaction and support for police

Kansas City preventive patrol experiment

15 districts were divided into three groups of five each

What three groups were the 15 kansas districts divided into

Proactive, reactive , control

Method of police deployment include

Foot patrol, vehicular patrol ,mounted patrol ,bicycle patrol air patrol ,water patrol

The purpose of criminal investigations is to support

The patrol function

Detective positions are highly sought after for several reasons

Promotion and rank and pay increase, supervision, notoriety , attire, sense of closure, schedule, and specialization

What four generally types of categories are under criminal investigations

Case processing, detection, gathering, and undercover work

What are the realities of detective work?

Numerous cases- think of a funnel, lots of paperwork, limitations on time, and interrogation, case processing/administrative duties, testifying, dead- ends leads

despite is lengthy history, American law-enforcement continues to struggle with several intractable issues

Methods of selecting, qualified personnel, controlling the use of discretion, insurance, fair and equitable treatment of all citizens, controlling the use of force, preventing corruption, and understanding/working with law regarding search, seizure, and interrogation