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What society do police work in as a primary form of social control ?
democratic society, does not occur in a vacuum
The relationship between the police and the environment in which they operate is both …
Interactive and recursive
What branch are the police apart of
Executive branch
The police are required to operate within the parameters of ..
the substantive, procedural, and case law
Where did the need for organizing policing originate
England
Early police reformers
fielding , colquhoun, peel, Rowan & mayne
What was law enforcement initially performed by ?
watchmen , constables, and sheriffs
When was Boston department formalized ?
1838
When was nyc department formalized ?
1844
When was philadelphia department formalized ?
1854
What were major concerns during formative years ?
should police wear distinctive uniforms, be armed, & how much force the police should use
What are the several factors of “ political spoils/entrenchment” era
Jobs were highly desirable, appts were based upon political affiliation, wars bosses had considerable influence, police were used to intimidate citizens and political opponents
what came about due to the “professional era “
Formation of the IACP in 1893, management philosophy of August vollmer, writings of O.W. Wilson, numerous investigate commissions
The trend toward professionalism alsoncoincided within
the shift in the role of law enforcement, increased emphasis on a bureaucratic model of organization, advances in tech related to crime detection/investigations
The “ modern era “ of policing factors
Several significant Supreme Court decisions, increased availability of specialized training , a growing crime problem with raised questions regarding effectiveness of the police, efforts to integrate the police in terms of both race and gender
what do most people think that the police are regularly engaged in
Shootouts, high speed chases, interrogations, undercover operations , etc
What police really do is actually quite ..
Boring and not as glamorous as one might think
Most of what the pool ice do in reality reduces to what is best described as
Order maintenance- making sure that things don’t get “ out of hand “
Federal agencies are organized under
The u.s. department of justice
What do federal agencies work to enforce
federal laws and support the work of state and local agencies
The early work of ___ helped to illustrate these differences through his book _____
James Q Wilson “ Varieties of police behavior “
When was “ varieties of police behavior “ published
1968
Watchman
characterized by an emphasis on order ,maintenance, broad discretion, neighborhood officers, foot patrols
Legalistic
characterized by emphasis on policy, limited discretion, strict enforcement m proactive strategies, professional imagery
Service
Characterized by effort to meet needs & expectations, attention to special populations, community partnerships, crime prevention programs
Caveats
A gross oversimplification that may be historically bound , most agencies need to be flexible , officers may employ their own individual style
the three most common operational units
Patrol, investigations, and traffic
Are operational units separate and distinct from support units
Yes
Operational units
Organized divisions that exist in the delivery of core services to the public
The patrol division is referred to as the
“backbone “
The most visible component of the agency
Patrol operations
The traditional responsibilities of the patrol division were first articulated by
O.W. Wilson
What did o.w. Wilson suggest
That officers patrol their beats, remain alert for conditions that jeopardize safety, and be prepared to take action as necessary
Officers are assigned to bests or districts that are created for two purposes
Equal protection
Accountability
methods for determining beat boundaries
naturally occurring geographic landmarks, number of offenses , calls for service received, committed versus uncommitted time
The logic behind traditional preventive patrol is that
High visibility deters crime and that rapid response enhances public satisfaction and support for police
Kansas City preventive patrol experiment
15 districts were divided into three groups of five each
What three groups were the 15 kansas districts divided into
Proactive, reactive , control
Method of police deployment include
Foot patrol, vehicular patrol ,mounted patrol ,bicycle patrol air patrol ,water patrol
The purpose of criminal investigations is to support
The patrol function
Detective positions are highly sought after for several reasons
Promotion and rank and pay increase, supervision, notoriety , attire, sense of closure, schedule, and specialization
What four generally types of categories are under criminal investigations
Case processing, detection, gathering, and undercover work
What are the realities of detective work?
Numerous cases- think of a funnel, lots of paperwork, limitations on time, and interrogation, case processing/administrative duties, testifying, dead- ends leads
despite is lengthy history, American law-enforcement continues to struggle with several intractable issues
Methods of selecting, qualified personnel, controlling the use of discretion, insurance, fair and equitable treatment of all citizens, controlling the use of force, preventing corruption, and understanding/working with law regarding search, seizure, and interrogation
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