KIN 360 exam 2

Phylogenetic behavior

Fundamental behaviors that are biologically driven, such as blinking or fear response.

Ontogenetic behavior

Learned skills that are influenced by the environment, like skating or playing the piano.

Motor Milestones

Key developmental points in motor skills

Rooting

• Head turns toward side stimulated, mouth opens

• Stimulated by a touch on the cheek

Sucking

• Sucking motion

• Stimulated when face is touched near the lips

Grasping and plantar:

• Grasping motion

• Stimulated by an object placed near the hands or the feet

Tonic neck reflex:

• Same arm and leg extend

• Stimulated by turning head to one side

Startle reflex:

• Arms and legs go out to side

• Stimulated by a loud noise

Moro reflex:

• Hands and legs go out to the side and then return to middle

• Stimulated by a sudden drop 

Babinski reflex:

A reflex where the big toe extends and the other toes fan out when the sole of the foot is stroked. This response is observed in infants and typically disappears as the nervous system matures.

Infantile:

involuntary, automatic 

-same stimuli will result in specific reflex again and again 

-survival and development (rooting) 

Spontaneous:

natural, unprompted movement 

-repetitive movement 

-normal activity (reaching for an object, forms of kicking) 

Stability:

• The ability to control your body during movement

Balance

ability to maintain your center of gravity over your base of support

Posture

orientation of any body segment relevant to the gravitational vector

Perturbation

disturbance of motion, course arrangement, or equilibrium

Affordance

• Possibilities for action that an object or environment presents to an individual based on their characteristics and the objects properties

Body scaling:

• Individuals' physical characteristics influence the perception of and interaction with the environment. Can and will change over time

Sensation

neural activity triggered by stimulus that activated a sensory receptor

passive

Perception

takes place in the brain and includes selecting, processing, organizing and integrating info received from senses

active

Spatial perception:

• The perception that enables one to deal effectively with spatial properties, dimensions, and distances of objects and object relations in the environment

Retinal disparity

• The difference in the images received by the two eyes as a result of their different locations

Depth perception

• A persons judgement of the distance from self to an object or place in space

Walking

• 12 months 

Running

• 6 months after walking 

Crawling 

• 5-7 months 

Creeping 

• 8-9 months 

Jumping 

• 18-24 month 

Vision 

• Adult vision at 10 years old 

Walking 

• unpredictable, loses balance, rigid, halting leg action, short steps, flat-foot, toes turned     out, wide base of support 

Run

• flight phase, wide base of support, high guard, limited leg swing, flat footed, stiff limited arm swing, uneven strides

Gallop

• moving forward

• step on one foot, then leap-step on the other foot, same leg always leads with the step

Skip

• step and a hop on the same foot while alternating feet 

Slide

• moving sideways

• step on one foot, then leap-step on the other foot, same leg always leads with the step

Muscle spindles

• Located in the muscles

• Length and velocity of the contraction

Golgi tendon organs

• Located in the tendons

• Force

Ruffini endings/Pacinian corpuscles

• Located in joint capsules and ligaments

• Proprioception/touch

Cutaneous

• Located in the skin

• Touch

Vestibular semicircular canals (hair cells)

• Located in inner ear

• Balance and orientation

Held and Hein 

-Comparing passive movement to active movement through an environment 

- No sense of importance of examining environment when not exploring through its own movement 

McKenzie and Bigelow 

• Ability to detour around barriers is present in 12-month infants, 

• Spatial perception improved with increased locomotor experience 

Gibson and Walk 

• Creating a “cliff” like drop and observing the reluctance of infants to crawl across the perceived drop 

• Locomotor experience influenced perception of surfaces and slopes

WHO multi-growth study 

• Same as Bayly and Shirley but from 5 other countries to use as comparison  

Bayley and Shirley 

• Growth and behavioral patterns of infants and young children meeting major milestones over several years

Historical views for perception and action

• Perception guides movement, which then generates additional perception

• Called perception-action loop/coupling, continuously calibrate

Norm referenced

compares a student's performance to that of a larger group to determine their relative standing,

Criterion referenced

evaluates student performance against predetermined standards or criteria, focusing on mastery of specific skills or knowledge