KIN 360 exam 2

Early Motor Development

Phylogenetic vs. Ontogenetic

• Phylogenetic: Fundamental behaviors, biologically driven (e.g., blinking, fear response, coughing).

• Ontogenetic: Learned skills, influenced by environment (e.g., skating, playing piano, jumping).

Motor Milestones

Vision (adult vision 10 years old) 

• Creeping (8-9 months)

• Walking alone (12 months)

• Running (6 months after walking)

• Jumping (18-24 months)

SIDS Prevention

• "Back to Sleep" campaign: Babies should sleep on their backs, though decreased tummy time may delay crawling.

Movement and Reflexes

• Open Kinetic Chain: Involves isolated movements, not mastering multiple movements at once.

• Infantile Reflexes: Involuntary responses (e.g., rooting, grasping).

• Postural Reflexes: Maintain upright position.

• Locomotor Reflexes: Early voluntary movement patterns.

Developmental Screening

• American Academy of Pediatrics recommends screenings at 9, 18, and 30 months.

• PDMS: Evaluates fine and gross motor skills up to age 5.

• Norm-Referenced Tests: Compare a child’s development to US norms.

Locomotion Patterns

• Crawling: Ipsilateral pattern (right arm and right leg move together).

  • Crawling with chest and stomach on floor.

• Creeping: Contralateral pattern (right arm and left leg move together).

  • High creep involves rocking back and forth.

• Walking Stages:

  • Initial: Flat feet, wide base, high guard arms, unpredictable, rigid, with toes turned out.

    • 180-200 footfalls per minute, frequent short bursts.

  • Elementary: Heel-toe steps, arms at sides, reflexive arm swing, increased step length.

  • Mature: Narrow base, increased stride, refined arm swing, balanced movements (120 footfalls/min).

Gait Problems

• Arm swing issues, exaggerated trunk lean, asymmetries, improper foot placement, poor rhythmic action.

• Older adults may have shorter steps, reduced speed, and wider stance.

  • Fear of falling and osteoarthritis contribute to decreased movement.

Walking vs. Running

• Walking: Unpredictable, rigid, wide base, high guard, flat footed.

• Running: Flight phase, improved arm swing, longer strides, increased speed.

Perception and Action

• Depth Perception: Judging distances using retinal disparity.

• Spatial Perception: Understanding object relationships.

• Affordance: Action possibilities based on environment.

• Body Scaling: Interaction influenced by body size and changes over time.

Posture and Balance

• Stability: Control of body during movement.

• Balance: Maintaining center of gravity.

• Perturbations: Disturbances to balance; small ones trigger ankle movement, larger ones trigger hip or stepping responses.

• Visual, Proprioceptive, Vestibular Inputs: Coordinate to maintain posture.

Key Reflexes

• Rooting: Head turns toward stimulus when cheek is touched.

• Sucking: Reflexive sucking motion when near the lips.

• Grasping & Plantar: Grasping when object is placed near hands or feet.

• Tonic Neck: Arm and leg on the same side extend when head turns.

• Startle: Arms and legs move out to the side in response to loud noise.

• Moro: Arms extend and return to middle with a sudden drop.

• Babinski: Toes fan out (0-4 months) or curl in (older individuals) when foot is stroked.

Spontaneous Movement

• Natural, unprompted, repetitive motions (e.g., reaching, kicking).

Differences Between Concepts

• Stability: Control of body during movement.

• Balance: Maintaining center of gravity over base of support.

• Posture: Orientation of body relative to gravity.

• Perturbation: Disruption to balance or movement.

Research Studies

• Held & Hein: Active vs. passive movement in environmental exploration.

• McKenzie & Bigelow: Infants’ ability to detour around barriers (12 months).

• Gibson & Walk: Visual cliff study on infants’ perception of drop-offs.

• Bayley & Shirley: Milestone tracking in motor development.

• WHO Multigrowth Study: International milestone comparison.

Historical Views

• Perception-Action Loop: Perception guides movement, which generates further perception, promoting continuous development.