What is ABA?
An evidence based applied science used to teach socially appropriate behaviors and for developing a technology of behavior change that is practical and applicable
When were the dimensions of ABA outlined?
In the 1st dimension of JABA in 1968 by Baer, Wolff, and Risley
1/83
Looks like no tags are added yet.
Name | Mastery | Learn | Test | Matching | Spaced |
---|
No study sessions yet.
What is ABA?
An evidence based applied science used to teach socially appropriate behaviors and for developing a technology of behavior change that is practical and applicable
When were the dimensions of ABA outlined?
In the 1st dimension of JABA in 1968 by Baer, Wolff, and Risley
What is the significance of BF Skinner?
Spear-headed the science of ABA, first implementing the principles when training and shaping rats. Based on his work, we are able to change our kiddos behaviors through operant conditioning
What is the significance of Pavlov?
He taught dogs how to salivate at the sound of a bell. He used respondent behavior to train these animals
What is the difference between operant behavior and respondent behavior?
Operant behavior is voluntary compared to respondent behavior which is involuntary. We train by working on operant behaviors
What is operant contingency?
Operant contingency refers to the relationship between a behavior and its consequences, where the behavior is more likely to occur if it is followed by a desirable consequence and less likely to occur if it is followed by an undesirable consequence.
True/False: behaviors that we correct are always observable to the naked eye.
True
What is the dead man test?
The “Dead Man Test” is when you ask yourself this question: if a dead man can do it, then it is NOT a behavior
What is unconditioned reinforcement?
A stimulus change that can increase the future frequency of a behavior without any learning history.
Ex: food, water, etc.
What is a conditioned reinforcement?
When a previously neutral stimulus acts as a reinforcer for future behavior through learning history
What are the three principles of behavior?
Punishment, extinction, and reinforcement
What are the four functions of behavior?
Sensory, Escape/Avoidance, Attention-seeking, Tangible
What is the sensory function of behavior?
When a child emits a certain behavior because he/she likes how it looks, feels, smells, tastes, etc
What is the escape/avoidance function of behavior?
When a child emits the behavior to escape or avoid an aversive stimuli or situation
What is the attention-seeking function of behavior?
When a child emits a behavior to gain attention from others, this can be positive or negative attention
What is the tangible function of behavior?
When a child emits a behavior to gain access to a preferred toy/activity
To figure out the function of a behavior we need to do what?
One of the following: Functional Analysis (FBA), Direct Descriptive FBA, or Indirect FBA
What is Functional Analysis (FBA)
The Gold Standard to figure our the function of a behavior. Allows us to confirm our hypothesis about the functional relationship. Antecedents and consequences are manipulated so that we can see the effect on behavior
What is Direct Descriptive FBA?
Direct observation of problem behavior under natural conditions W
What is indirect FBA?
When we use questionnaires about the behavior from those who are around the individual (often used in conjunction with functional analysis)
What are the 5 types of positive reinforcers?
What are the two types of negative reinforcement?
Escape and avoidance
What are the 5 types of positive punishment interventions?
Reprimands: “No! Stop that!”
Overcorrection: there is restitutional overcorrection in which you have them go above and beyond the crime and positive practice overcorrection in which you repeat the correct behavior over and over again
Shock or ECT
Exercise
What are the two types of negative punishment?
Response cost and Time-out
What is response cost?
The withdrawal of specific amounts of reinforcer contingent upon inappropriate behavior
Ex: A wrong answer results in loss of points; come to class without a pencil, buy one for 5 points
What are the two types of time-out?
Exclusionary and nonexclusionary
What is nonexclusionary timeout?
When a child is NOT removed from the room, but is just removed from partaking in the reinforcement
What is exclusionary timeout?
When you REMOVE the child and take them to a different area
What is the difference between response cost and timeout?
Response cost:
Time-Out:
What is extinction?
When a child can emit a behavior, but it no longer provides reinforcement to continue in the future
What is an extinction burst?
When there is a burst in the behavior that was recently placed on extinction (increase in intensity or rate)
What is a spontaneous burst?
When a behavior that has been placed on extinction for awhile spontaneously pops up again
What is stimulus control?
A behavior is under stimulus control if it only happens in the presence of that stimuli
What is the SD?
Also known as the discriminative stimulus, is when a behavior is reinforced in the presence of this particular stimulus
What is Sdelta?
When a behavior is NOT reinforced in the absence of a particular stimuli
What is MO?
The motivating operation which drives any behavior that we emit
What are the two types of MO’s?
Abolishing operation: decreases the effectiveness of the stimuli as a reinforcer
Establishing operation: increases the effectiveness of the stimuli as a reinforcer
What are the elementary verbal operants by Skinner?
Echoics, Mands, Intraverbal, and Tact
What are echoics?
This is when a child can repeat what you say when you ask them to. This is merely the act of echoing vocalizations. We use verbal praise as reinforcement for this behavior W
What are mands?
This is when we are teaching a kid to ask for items/activities. It comes from the word demand. We use the desired item as reinforcement for this behavior
What is intraverbal?
This is when we are teaching a kid to answer questions or fill in the blank. We use verbal praise for this behavior W
What is tact?
This is teaching a kid to label their environment. This can be done in NET and during DTT. Usually the therapist will ask “What is this?” and the kid will answer with the correct answer
What is continuous reinforcement?
Reinforcer follows every response
What is intermittent reinforcement?
Reinforcer does not follow every response
What is fixed ratio reinforcement?
A fixed number of responses must be emitted before reinforcement occurs
What are the basic schedules of reinforcement?
Variable Interval, Fixed Interval, Variable Ratio, Fixed Ratio
What is the fixed ratio schedule?
Reinforcer is given after each X response
What is the fixed interval schedule?
Reinforcer for first response to occur after each X minutes
What is the variable ratio schedule?
Reinforcer is given after X responses on the average
What is the variable interval schedule?
Reinforcer is given for first response after each X minutes on the average
What are compound schedules of reinforcement?
A combination of continuous reinforcement, the 4 basic schedules, differential reinforcement of various rates of responding, and extinction
What is a concurrent schedule of reinforcement?
When you have two different scheduling going on at the same time, but one of the schedules is dense than the other. Therefore, you are more likely to pick the activity in which you will be reinforced for more
What is multiple schedules of reinforcement?
When you have 2 usually random and alternating order and there is a SD saying which reinforcement schedule is in effect
What are mixed schedules of reinforcement?
When you have 2 usually random and alternating order and there is NO SD saying which reinforcement schedule is in effect W
What is a chained schedule of reinforcement?
When you have 2 or more basic schedule requirements that have to occur in a specific order and are signaled with a SD.
What are tandum schedules of reinforcement?
When you have 2 or more basic schedule requirements that DO NOT HAVE to occur in a specific order and are not signaled with a SD
What are alternative schedules of reinforcement?
When the requirement of either a ratio OR an interval schedule is met, you can get reinforcement by whichever you complete first
What are conjuctive schedules of reinforcement?
When the requirement of reinforcement by completing BOTH a ratio and interval schedule
What is shaping?
A process involving systematically reinforcing successive approximations of the target behavior
What is a behavior chain?
A chain of behaviors that all link up to reach an end result. Each behavior link is the cue for the next behavior and causes a stimulus change that becomes the reinforcement for the previous behavior
Ex: brushing teeth, first turn on water. End result is clean teeth
What are the four types of behavior chaining?
Forward chaining, Backward chaining, Total task, and Backward with leaps ahead
What is forward chaining?
When you prompt the kids to do the first step and then you finish the rest of the steps
What is backward chaining?
When you complete all of the steps EXCEPT the last one and have the kid do that one
What is total task chaining?
When you prompt the kid to complete the whole task
What is backward chaining with leaps ahead?
When you use the backward chaining procedure but you allow the kid to skip teaching steps that they can already do
What is DRO?
Differential reinforcement of other behavior. Providing reinforcement for the lack of behavior
What is DRI?
Differential reinforcement of incompatible behaviors. Reduces behaviors by increasing incompatible behaviors
What is DRA?
Differential reinforcement of alternate behaviors. Increases behavior by reinforcing appropriate behaviors
What is DRH?
Differential reinforcement of high rates of behavior. Increases behavior by reinforcing lower rates of behavior. Focuses on increasing the number of occurrences
What is DRL?
Differential reinforcement of low rates of behavior. A schedule in which a minimum amount of time must elapse between responses in order for reinforcement to occur. Focuses on reducing the number of occurrences
What is DRD?
Differential reinforcement of diminishing rates. Similar to DRL, except unlink DRL, this does not have an IRT component. Meaning that when we use this we are not trying to decrease behavior by increasing the time between responses, we are trying to decrease behavior as a whole
What is the premack principle?
Also known as Grandmother’s law, is when you ask your kid to complete a non-preferred task and then they will be able to engage in a preferred task
What is group contingency?
If a group meets a goal for behavior, then that group is rewarded
Three types:
What are the three antecedent strategies?
Noncontingent reinforcement: a response independent schedule of reinforcement
High probability request sequence: asking a kid to complete 3, quick paced instructions that you know they can and will do, then follow it up with one they do not do independently
What is DTT?
Discrete trial training. Created by Lovaas. Consists of 5 different components: an SD, a prompt, a response, reinforcement, and inter-trial intervals
What are the two types of stimulus prompts?
Stimulus fading and stimulus shape transformation
What is stimulus fading?
The gradual removal of an intrusive prompt until the control transfers to the natural SD
What is stimulus shape transformation?
The systematic change of the physical shape of the stimulus
What is errorless learning?
An instructional method that minimizes any learner error
What are the 4 different types of response prompts?
What is rate?
Also known as frequency. This is the number of times that the child engages in the target behavior
What is inter-response time?
The time between two responses
What is latency?
The time between the SD and the target behavior
What are the time sampling methods?