topic 12 - exploration and colonization

Middle passage

The brutal sea journey that enslaved Africans endured while being transported to the Americas, marked by overcrowding and high death rates.

Maritime

Related to the sea, navigation, and naval trade or travel.

Mita

A labor system used by the Spanish that forced Indigenous people to work in mines and public projects.

Conquistadores

Spanish soldiers and explorers who conquered Indigenous empires in the Americas.

What did Prince Henry the Navigator do?

Promoted exploration by funding voyages and advancing navigation technology, and helped make Portugal a leader in early European exploration by supporting voyages along Africa.

Caravel

A small, fast, and maneuverable ship that made long-distance exploration possible.

Columbian Exchange

The transfer of crops, animals, people, diseases, and ideas between the Old and New Worlds.

Colony

A territory controlled by a distant nation and settled by its people.

Peninsulares

Spaniards born in Spain who held the highest social and political positions in the colonies.

Creoles

People of Spanish descent born in the Americas who ranked below peninsulares.

Enconmienda

A system granting Spanish settlers control over Indigenous labor in exchange for protection and conversion.

Evangelization

The effort to convert Indigenous peoples to Christianity.

Mercantilism

An economic system where colonies existed to benefit the wealth and power of the mother country.

What did Cortés Hernán do?

He conquered the Aztec Empire for Spain.

What did Pizarro do?

Conquered the Inca Empire.

Capitalism

An economic system based on private ownership and profit-driven markets.

Joint stock company

A business where investors pooled money to share risks and profits, often funding exploration.

3 G’s of Exploration

God, Gold and Glory

New technology used by explorers

Compass, astrolabe, lateen sails, and caravels.

Vasco da Gama-route

Sailed from Portugal around Africa to India.

Bartholomew Dias-route

First European to round the Cape of Good Hope.

Alfonso de Albuquerque

Established Portuguese control of Indian Ocean trade routes.

Treaty of Tordesillas

a landmark agreement between Spain and Portugal, mediated by the Pope, that divided the newly discovered lands outside Europe along a north-south line

Columbus route

Sailed west across the Atlantic to the Caribbean.

Ferniand Magellan

Led the first expedition to circumnavigate the globe.

Cortes and Pizarro

Their conquests destroyed the Aztec and Inca empires.

Impact of disease in New World

European diseases killed millions of Indigenous people with no immunity.

Quebec colony

A French colony focused on fur trading in North America.

Goal and impact of mercantilism

Increase national wealth; colonies supplied raw materials and markets.

Dutch, English, French Exploration goals

Trade, settlement, profit, and competition with Spain.

Henry Hudson

Explored North America seeking a Northwest Passage.

Types of colonies

Plantation, settlement, and trading-post colonies.

Plantations

Large farms using enslaved labor to grow cash crops.

What did Bartolome de Las Casas do?

Advocated for Indigenous rights and condemned their mistreatment.

Area of concentrated slave trade in Africa

West and Central Africa.

Triangular trade

Trade between Europe, Africa, and the Americas involving enslaved people and goods.

Kingdoms of Ashanti and Dahomey role

African kingdoms that participated in and profited from the slave trade.

The Caribbean

Major center of sugar plantations and enslaved labor.

Groups that condemned the slave trade?

Quakers, abolitionists, and some religious leaders.

First and last to end the slave trade?

Britain ended it early; Brazil ended it last in the Americas.

Goals of colonization and trade

Wealth, power, resources, and religious conversion.

Columbian Exchange impact

Changed diets, populations, and economies worldwide.

Social classes/ hierarchy of New World

Peninsulares, creoles, mestizos, Indigenous peoples, enslaved Africans.

Juana Ines De la Cruz

A scholar and writer who defended women’s education.

Role of Catholic Church in Latin America

Controlled education, promoted conversion, and held political influence.