Motivation and Emotion Psych

motivation

a need or desire that energized and directs behavior

instinct/evolutionary theory

A view that explains human behavior as motivated by automatic, involuntary, and unlearned responses.

drive reduction theory

a physiological need creates a state of arousal that drives the organisms to reduce the need. Only applies to an individuals physical state.

incentive theory

we are 'pushed' by the needs to reduce drives and 'pulled' by incentives. The drive is the strongest when there is both a need and an incentive

incentive

an environmental stimulus that motivated behavior

optimum-arousal theory

individuals are motivated to maintain an optimum level of internal arousal (Yerkes-Dodson Law)

Yerkes-Dodson Law

performance is best in a state of moderate arousal, not when it is very high or low.

What are maslows hierarchy of needs?

physiological, safety, love/belonging, esteem, self-actualization (Bottom to top)

what biological variables are hunger maintained by?

Hormones, hypothalamus, set point, preferences

what social variables are hunger maintained by?

Expectations, special occasions , dietary staples

insulin

secreted by pancreas; controls blood glucose

glucose

the form of sugar that circulates in the blood, providing energy

ghrelin

secreted by empty stomach; sends 'Im hungry' signals to the brain

orexin

hunger-triggering hormone secreted by hypothalamus

leptin

secreted by fat cells; when abundant causes brain to increase metabolism and decrease hunger

obestatin

Secreted by stomach; sends out "I'm full" signals to the brain.

PYY

Digestive tract hormone; sends "Im not hungry" signals to brain

set point

a genetically determined range for body weight

basal metabolic rate

the bodys resting rate of energy use

anorexia nervosa

restricted food intake

bulimia nervosa

binge eating followed by purging; fasting, excessive exercise, laxatives

binge eating disorder

binge eating but no purging; followed by emotional distress

orthorexia

obsession with healthy foods, typically diagnoses because it complicates daily life

thirst

thirst is impacted by both internal and external cues

pain reduction

motivates escape behaviors efforts to avoid pain

achievement

the desire to be excellent. Tend to choose more challenging tasks, attribute success to their own ability, attribute failure to lack of effort (thematic apperception test)

affiliation

the desire to be with and well like by others. Increases liklyhood of survival

intrinsic motivation

desire to perform an activity for its own sake, these people are typically happier and healthier.

over justification effect

providing an extrinsic reward can diminish intrinsic motivation

extrinsic motivation

desire to perform an activity to obtain an award ex)money, recognitions

Kurt Lewins Motivational conflict theory

involves situtations where individuals face competing desires and goals

Approach-Approach

situations involve two positive options

Avoidance-Avoidance

situations involve two negative options

Approach-avoidant

situation involves one options that has both a positive and negative consequence

Multiple approach-avoidant

several alternative options have both positive and negative aspects

What are emotions a mix of?

physiological arousal, expressive/observable behaviors, concious thoughts

James-Lange Theory

our body responds to stimuli, the response causes the emotion

Cannon-Bard Theory

the bodys response doesnt cause emotion instead stimuli triggers both physiological responses and emotion. Theorized that the thalamus sends info to the limbic system and the front lobes

Opponent process theory (Richard Solomon)

every emotion triggers an opposite emotion that fights it. When we experience the first emotion repeatedly, the opposing emotion becomes stronger and the first becomes weaker

Schachter-Singer Two-Factor theory

the body responds to stimuli and we have a cognitive response. Together, these two things cause the emotion

Cognitive Appraisal theory (Richard Lazarus)

The way we interpret the event influences our emotional reaction. The body's reactions isn't a variable stress results from what we think about the stimuli and over ability to handle it.

The 6 universal emotions

Happiness, anger, disgust, suprise, sadness, and fear

stress

the process by which we perceive and respond to certain events, called stressors, that we appraise as threatening or challenging

Selyes general adapation syndrome

Concept of the body’s adaptive response to stress in three phases- alarm, resistance, and exhaustion

alarm

activates sympathetic nervous system

resistance

breathing rate increases, hormones release (depletes reserves)

exhaustion

loss of biological resources, susceptible to illness, collapse, even organ failure

Negative effects that stress can have on health

high blood pressure, depression, poor diet, inactivity, sleeplessness

Coping strategies

maladaptive, adaptive, therapies, and medications

Phase 1 (General adaptation syndrome)

Alarm reaction (mobilize resources) stressor occurs

Phase 2 (General adaptation syndrome)

Resistance (cope with stressor)

Phase 3 (General adaptation syndrome)

Exhaustion (reserves depleted)