AP Psychology Unit 5

Theory of Reciprocal Determinism

Bandura’s theory that behavior, personal factors, and environmental influences all interact and affect each other.

Self-Efficacy

The belief in one’s ability to succeed in specific situations or accomplish a task.

Self-Esteem

An individual’s overall sense of self-worth or how they evaluate their own value.

Self-Concept

The understanding or image a person has of themselves, including their beliefs and roles.

Operant Conditioning

A learning process where behavior is shaped by reinforcement or punishment.

Self-Actualization

The realization of one’s full potential and the pursuit of personal growth and fulfillment.

Unconditional Regard

Accepting and supporting a person regardless of their actions or behaviors, often emphasized in therapy.

Congruent Self-Concept

A self-concept that is aligned with one’s actual experiences and true self

Conditional Regard

Providing love or acceptance only when certain conditions or behaviors are met.

Incongruent Self-Concept

A self-concept that does not align with a person’s actual experiences, leading to internal conflict.

Projective Test

A psychological test where ambiguous stimuli are used to reveal hidden thoughts and feelings.

Open-mindedness

The willingness to consider new ideas and perspectives without prejudice or bias.

Conscientiousness

A personality trait characterized by being organized, responsible, and diligent in goal-oriented behavior.

Agreeableness

A personality trait involving being compassionate, cooperative, and sensitive to others' needs and feelings.

Extroversion

A personality trait that involves being outgoing, energetic, and focused on external stimuli and social interactions.

Neuroticism

A personality trait associated with emotional instability, anxiety, and a tendency to experience negative emotions

Personality/“Big 5” Inventory

A model of personality that includes five broad traits: openness, conscientiousness, extroversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism (OCEAN).

Ego

According to Freud, the part of the personality that mediates between the id, the superego, and reality, aiming to satisfy desires in a socially acceptable way.

Superego

Freud’s concept of the part of the personality that represents moral standards and ideals, guiding the individual’s sense of right and wrong.

Id

The unconscious part of the personality, according to Freud, that operates on the pleasure principle and seeks immediate gratification of basic drives.

Defense Mechanisms

Unconscious psychological strategies used by the ego to protect itself from anxiety or conflict, such as repression, denial, and projection.

Personality tests

self report and protective

Self report inentories

personality tests that asks individuals to answer a series of questions about their characteristic behavior

• MMPI- Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory

• NEO- measures 5 big traits

  • Error Sources

    • deliberate deception

    • social desirability bias

    • response sets

Projective tests

asks participants to respond to vague, ambiguous stimuli in ways that can reveal the subjects needs, feelings, and personality traits.

• Error sources

  • inconstant scoring

  • low reliability

  • inadequate test norms

  • cultural bias

  • poor validity estimates

National character

Idea that various cultures have widely recognized prototype personalities

Emotion

Involves one subjective, conscious experience, ( cognitive component ), accompanied by two bodily arousal, ( the physiological component ) and three characteristic overt expression ( the behavioral component)

Affective forecasting

Efforts to predict one’s emotional reactions to future events

Polygraph/lie detection

Device that records automatic fluctuations while a subject is being questioned

Galvanic skin response(GSR)

Increase in the electrical conductivity of the skin that occurs when sweat glands increase their activity

Limbic system

Hypothalamus, amygdala and adjacent structures are associated with fear and emotions

Display rules

Norms that regulate the appropriate expressions of emotions

James- Lange Theory

Conscious experience of emotions results from once perception of autonomic arousal

Perception of autonomic arousal leads to the conscious experience of fear

Different patterns of autonomic activation lead to the experience of different emotions

Cannon- Barf Theory

Physiological arousal can happen without the experience of emotion. They happen independently and simultaneously.

Schachters two factor theory

People look at situational cues to differentiate between alternative emotions. The experience of emotion depends on two factors one autonomic arousal two cognitive interpretation of that arousal when you experience physiological arousal you search your environment for an explanation

Evolutionary aspect of emotions

Emotions are innate response to certain stimuli some believe emotions developed before thoughts

Stimulus

The thing causing you to react

Physiological arousal

Autonomic nervous system

Cognitive appraisal

Why am I feeling this way?

Barbra Fredricksen

Positive psychological influence on understanding

Positive emotions

Set up for success and open up awareness, thinking, and actions

Resources

We gain through positive emotions and increase overall well-being

Negative emotions

Reduce our awareness and narrow overall mindset

Interpersonal attraction

refers to positive feelings towards another person. Liking, friendship, admiration, love and lust

Key factors in attraction

physical attractiveness

Similarity effect

Reciprocity Effect

Physical attractiveness

romantic attraction for both genders is the physiological attractiveness of a person

matching hypothsis

matching hypothesis

proposes that males and females of approx equal physical attractiveness are likely to select each other as partners

similarity effect

“birds of a feather, flock together” similar age, race, religion, social class, education, intelligence, physical attractiveness, and attitudes

Reciprocity effect

we tend to like someone who show they like us

reciprocity

self-enhancement effect

Reciprocity

involves liking those who show they like us

self- enhancement effect

helping others feel good about themselves

Perspectives on the Mystery of Love

Passionate+ Compassionate Love

Love as attachment

Passionate and Compassionate Love

two types of low, coexist, but don't always go hand in hand

Passionate love

complete absorption in another (infatuation)

Compassionate love

warm, trusting, tolerant affection for another whose life is deeply intertwined with one’s own.

Love as Attachment

infancy attachment can lead to how one loves in the future

An evolutionary Perspective on Attraction

heterosexual attraction is studied more

good looks=good health, genes, fertility=good reproductive success

Upward social comparison

comparing oneself with those we believe are better than us, to improve ourselves

Downward Social comparison

comparing to someone who is worse off than oneself

Mental Health

a state of mind characterized by emotional well-being, good behavioral adjustment, relative freedom from anxiety and disabling symptoms, and a capacity to establish constructive relationships, and cope with the ordinary demands and stresses of life

Mental Health disorder

Many different definitions are accepted but one is not universally used

Deviance- Different, extreme, unusual

Distress- unpleasant and upsetting

Dysfunction- causes interference with life

Danger- poses risk of harm

Approaches to diagnosis

Categorical vs dimensional

Categorical

(Specific and standardized)

Pros- Simplifies assessment, standardization of research, easily understood within clinician community

Cons- over simplification, potential for mis-diagnosis/over diagnosis, fail to capture individual variability

Dimensional

(Individualized+goal oriented)

Pros- improved treatment planning, more flexibility, reduced stigma

Cons- difficulties in communication, excessive complexity, lack of standardization

Diathesis stress

biological predisposition is triggered by stress

Biopsychosocial

assumes biological, sociocultural, and psychological factors combine and interact

Anxiety related disorders

generalized anxiety disorder

specific phobia

panic disorder

agoraphobia

OCD

PTSD

Mood related disorders

Major depressive disorder

bipolar disorder

Schizophrenic disorder

a serious mental disorder characterized by disturbances in thoughts, perceptions, emotions, and behavior, including hallucinations, delusions, disorganized thinking, and impaired social functioning. It involves a disconnect from reality, often leading to psychotic symptoms.