EXAM 3 REDO (Psych 214)

Preschoolers' Drawing Development

Progresses from scribbles to representational forms around age 3, with more realistic art seen around 5-6, influenced by cultural differences like Chinese children's brush stroke skills.

Brain Growth in Early Childhood

Involves reshaping and refining processes, with significant growth from ages 2-6 and cognitive functioning localized in distinct neural systems by ages 8-10, including prefrontal cortical areas for executive functioning.

Motor Development in Early Childhood

Shows improvements in gross and fine motor skills, with individual differences influencing skill development, such as taller, muscular kids developing skills faster and gender variations in skill development.

Balance Improvements in Children

Children become less top-heavy, shifting their center of gravity outward to improve balance and pave the way for refined upper and lower body skills.

Immunizations

Widespread immunization leads to decreased childhood diseases, but a significant percentage of infants and poverty-stricken children remain unvaccinated due to various reasons like lack of health insurance or exemptions.

Poor Diet and Immune System

Poor diet weakens the immune system, making children more susceptible to diseases, affecting physical growth and cognitive development, with interventions like oral rehydration therapy and zinc supplements used to prevent adverse outcomes.

Adaptiveness of "Picky Eating"

Picky eating starts around age 2 and is considered a normal adaptive behavior to ensure children eat safe foods for survival and health.

Ways to Introduce New Foods

Introduce new foods by repetition without pressure, considering the social environment's role, and avoiding food restrictions that may increase a child's desire for restricted foods.

Sleep and Release of GH

Healthy sleep patterns are crucial for growth and cognitive development, with Growth Hormones (GH) necessary for body tissue development, typically released during sleep to improve physical growth.

Conditions Affecting Growth

Poor diet, diseases, and sleep can stunt growth, but proper interventions like oral rehydration therapy can lead to catch-up growth, influenced by heredity and hormones in physical size and growth rate.

Handedness

Children develop dominant hand for writing around age 4-6 due to maturation of brain and motor skills

Body Growth Patterns in Early Childhood

Growth slows after the first 2 years of life. At this time, more individual differences size become more apparent and skeletal changes continue with new growth centers where cartilage hardens to bone. Finally, the primary teeth replaced by permanent teeth.

Role of Pituitary Gland

Pituitary Gland regulates hormone production (GH and Thyroid stimulating hormone, TSH), growth, and metabolism. TSH makes the thyroid gland release thyroxine, which is crucial for brain development.

Sociodramatic Play

(End of 2nd year) Make-believe play with others, which is detached from real life conditions. This play os less self centered and has more complex themes. As children interact with others in pretend situations, it becomes more complex.

• Enhances social competence and roles

• Helps problem solving and cooperation with others

• Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory

Errors in Piaget’s Preoperational Stage

Fails to account for Egocentrism, which is failing to understand things from someone else’s perspective, and Class inclusion, which is the inability to distinguish between an object or an objects features.

Piaget VS Vygotsky: Views on Cognitive Development

Piaget focused on individual exploration (independent discovery and construction of knowledge through experience on their own) and Vygotsky focused on social interaction (children learn through interactions with others)

Private Speech

Vygotsky

Talking to yourself, which os a foundation for cognitive functioning, and used more when tasks are challenging. Eventually turns to inner speech, which is the same thing but internally; “Thinking to youself”

Scaffolding

Adjusting support during teaching to match a child’s current level of performance

Scripts

Person’s knowledge about the sequence of events in a situation

• helps with prediction of next behaviors and how to react

Autobiographical memory

Representation of personally meaningful one-time events; Scaffolded memories by adults which helps with organization of stories.

Episodic Memory

Recalling everyday scenarios with things like time, place, person. Improves between ages 3-6.

Repetitive Recall

Parents take an approach by asking the same questions with little added information, which becomes less effective when helping children recall memories

Elaborative Recall

Parents scaffold memories to better remember and organized detailed stories

Overlapping Waves Theory

When faced with problems, children create correct solutions to problems and store them in long term memory for efficiency

Theory of Mind and False Beliefs

Children around 4 years old realize that beliefs and desires influence behavior, which helps becoming aware of someones false beliefs.

A false belief is understanding that a person can have a belief that doesn’t actually align with a situation or reality.

Semantic Bootstrapping

Using word meanings to figure out grammar rules

Syntactic Bootstrapping

Discovering word meanings by how they’re used

Phonological Awareness

Reflect on and manipulate sound structures of a spoken language. Children with more awareness tend to have better literacy, and those with little awareness can have less effective memory and recall.

Rapid and Vast Development of Vocabulary During Early Choildhood

Vocabulary expands rapidly through “fast mapping” where children connect new words with concepts and encounters, benefitted by multiple exposures and examples in different contexts

Ordinality

Order, or sequence of events (toddlers)

Cardinality

Understanding the last number in a sequence shows how many things are in that set; final number is the total. (Age 3.5-4)

Estimation

Making educated guesses without numbers. Allows rough estimates. (Age 4)

Self-Concept

Set of attributes, attitudes, and values that an individual believes defines them and who they are

Self-esteem

the judgements we make about our own worth and the feelings associated with those judgements

Friendships in Early Childhood

Defined by spending time with someone the child likes, not by any mutual trust. Preschoolers show this by greeting each other, complimenting, or praise, all essential for social support and competence.

Morality Development

Social experiences, cognitive development and parental influence plays into effective morality.

Psychoanalytic perspective on morality development

inducing empathy based guilt is effective in influencing children without coercion

Four parenting styles

Authoritative, Permissive, Authoritarian, Uninvolved

Authoritative Parenting

High involvement, adaptive control, high acceptance, appropriate autonomy

Permissive Parenting

High acceptance, low involvement, low control, high autonomy

Authoritarian Parenting

Low acceptance, low involvement, high control, low autonomy

Uninvolved Parenting

Low acceptance, low involvement, low control, indifferent autonomy

Initiative vs Guilt

Helps develop responsibilities and feel guilt when overstepping boundaries

Initiative

Eagerness to try new tasks and join others, play permits trying new skills, act out highly visible occupations

Guilt

overly strict superego causing too much guilt related to excessive threat, criticism, and punishment from parents

Attachment Security

Provides open parent-child communication about feelings, which allow navigation of their own emotions

Emotional Understanding

Enhanced when parents label and explain emotions

Effortful Control

A component of self-regulation influenced by language, self-talk, and repairing relationships

Empathy based guilt

Powerful for guiding moral behaviors

Preschoolers anticipate feeling bad when considering they could be defying their parents

Gender identity

Formed around ages 3-5, viewing themselves as either masculine or feminine based on parental guidance and societal norms. Children with more flexible identities may have mental health and social advantages, but sometimes can develop gender dysphoria if their sex doesnt align with the identity they feel close to.

Gender Typing

Association of objects, activities roles, culture, and traits with a specific sex

Gender constancy

The permanence of gender around ages 3-5. Clear sense of their gender identity and recognizing that it doesnt change based on external factors.

Social Learning

Involves acquiring behaviors and knowledge through observing others in social contexts.

Cognitive Development

Refers to the growth of thinking, reasoning, and understanding in individuals over time.

Nonsocial Activity

Play that includes being unoccupied, observing others, or playing alone.

Parallel Play

Children playing near each other with similar toys but not directly interacting.

Associative Play

Involves separate activities with some interaction like exchanging toys or comments.

Cooperative Play

Play where children work together towards a common goal or engage in make-believe scenarios.