US History Midterm 2022

Aztec Empire

dominant indigenous empire found in Central America before the Spanish arrived.

Who conquered the Aztecs and allowed Spanish influence throughout the region?

Hernan Cortes

Year of Bacon's Rebellion

1676

Bacon's Rebellion

rebellion between the planter class and the lower class in VA over land (and Native Americans settled there

Christopher Columbus

Italian explorer working for the Spanish to find and eastward route to the Indies

The year Christopher Columbus set sail

1492

What did Christopher Columbus discover?

the "new world" in the western hemisphere; set the tone of European settlement

Elizabeth 1

Queen of england who oversaw the expansion of British influence on the seas(by hiring privateers) and in the new world

When did Ferdinand Magellan set sail?

1520

Ferdinand Magellan

Spanish explorer who set off to circumnavigate the glove. His crew succeeded

Francis Drake

A british privateer who harassed the spanish and also succeeded in circumnavigating the globe.

What did Francis Drake oversee?

He oversaw the naval encounter with the Spanish Armada that leads to its sinking

Francisco Pizarro

Spanish conquistador who destroyed the Incan empire in South America

George Whitefield

itinerant preacher during the Great Awakening. Hi charisma helps to spread the Gospel from Georgia to New Hampshire

Great Awakening

A time of significant Christian fervor and the growth of churches in the British colonies.

The great awakening was unique to which country and helped for what?

It's a uniquely American event that helps to unify the colonies

Hegemony

dominance of one country over many

When did Hernando Cortes destroy the aztec empire

1519

Hernando Cortes

Spanish conquistador who spent most of his time in present-day Mexico.

Cortes destroyed which empire

Aztec empire

When was the House of Burgesses established?

1619

House of Burgesses purpose and in what state

It was an elected body and precursor to Congress in VA

Incan empire

dominant indigenous empire in South America

Indenture

a contract of service

How long did indentured servants work and what did they receive after finishing

They worked for 5-7 years and then got their own piece of land on the frontier

James Oglethorpe

founder of georgia colony. Used debtors(prisoners) to populate it

When was Jamestown founded?

1607

Jamestown

the first permanent British settlement/colony in the New World. Located in VA

John Smith

Adventurer and member of the Jamestown colony that saved it from falling apart in the early years

John Winthrop

Leader of the Puritan settlers that went to the Massachusetts Bay colony to establish a permanent settlement

John Edwards

Preacher of the Great Awakening

What is Johnathan Edwards known for?

Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God

Where was Johnathan Edwards located

New England

Joint-Stock Company

methods of raising funds and support for settlement in the New World. Investors would buy a stock and 100 acres of land in the New World. They could also pay for headrights of workers which would earn them another 50 acres per headright

Powhatan Tribe

one of the local indigenous tribes found in VA when Jamestown was settled. Pocahontas came from this tribe

Puritans

a religious group

Quakers

a religious group that settled in Pennsylvania

What were the Quakers known for?

they were known for acceptance of other religious groups in their communities

Roger Williams

A dissenter from Massachusetts Bay who left in order to settle a new place. Went to present day Rhode Island. There

Separatists

aka Pilgrims. set up the first democracy in the New World

When did Separatists settle the Plymouth colony

1620

Spanish Armada

the bulk of the Spanish navy- very powerful and large. They were sunk off the coast of England which transferred control of the seas to England

When was the Treaty of Tordesillas signed

1494

What did the Treaty of Tordesillas do?

it divided the New World at 46 degrees and gave Portugal everything to the east of that line and Spain everything to the west.

What did the treaty of tordesillas lead to

It led to the dominance of Spain in the Western Hemisphere

Who drew up and signed the treaty of tordesillas

Pope Alexander VI and Spain and Portugal signed it

When was the Toleration Act signed

1649

What did the Toleration Act of 1649 do?

it allowed for the practice of any Christian religion in their colony

Where did the toleration act pass and apply to?

Maryland

Walter Raleigh and Roanoke

Raleigh led the first attempt at settling the New World to Roanoke (present day Outer Banks NC)

William Bradford

Leader of the Pilgrims at Plymouth

William Penn

Founder of Pennsylvania colony

what crop did John Rolfe discover he could grow for commercial profit

Tobacco

list one characteristic of the settlers that came to New England on the Mayflower

idealist

What kind of government did the Mayflower Compact establish

A self sustaining economic system

How many pounds of tobacco purchased a wife in the VA colony

125

Although not the first colony to have slavery which colony has the largest number of slaves per capita in the late 1600s

Barbados/Carolinas

From where did the majority of the original colonists in Carolina come from

Barbados

What was the main challenge with money in the colonies

no one had coins/bills of money owned were banned from use

Name one of the conflicts between Native Americans and colonists centered in New England

the colonies were expanding into Native American territories

What event ended the Spanish naval dominance in Europe and the western hemisphere

King Philip's War

Give one kind of payment listed in your book that was used to pay for classes at Harvard College

a cow

list potential causes of the great awakening

1. growth of secularism/materialism
2. Salem Witch trials (1692

The great awakening was a movement towards...

experience

Wesley Brothers

Founders of Methodist Church; Charles and John

William and Gilbert Tennent

Presbyterian church who created Princeton as a way to train ministers

List consequences of the great awakening

1. membership in churches increased
2. increase in educational colleges and universities
3. essentially causes the revolution

New England colony group economy

fishing and agriculture

Ct was created separately by whom?

the king

Middle colony group states

Pennsylvania

Middle Colonies Economy

agriculture

Southern colonies economy

fishing

What were the Europeans looking for?

Gold/wealth

The mark of the portugese is:

the increase in technology (sail driven boats)

Why did England and France not participate in the early forming of the colonies

England- doesn't have the technology
France-catholic vs protestant war

Spanish vs English relationships

Philip(Spanish) tries to marry Elizabeth (English)- she rejects and steals gold from his ships

When did the Spanish armada sink?

1588

Which was larger: Plymouth of the Massachusetts Bay Company

Massachusetts Bay Company

Alien and Sedition Acts

laws created that restricted rights of immigrants and anti-government activities

What ability did the alien and sedition acts give the government

to imprison without cause

the alien and sedition acts increased which party: federalist or anti-federalist?

federalist authority

Anti-federalists

group of people who oppose the Constitution due to its lack of protection of individual rights

cabinet

group of advisors to the president; precedent set by washington

what departments does the cabinet include

Treasury, war and state

Constitutional convention

1787

Democratic-republicans

political party led by Jefferson; opposed Federalists/Hamiltonians

the democratic-republicans began what?

the two-party system

The Federalist Papers

a group of essays written by Plubius (Madison

who wrote the federalist papers

madison, Jay and hamilton

federalists

group of people that favor a strong central government.

are the federalists an official party?

no

Who initially led the federalists

hamilton and madison

who proposed the great compromise

proposed by Roger sherman

What did the great compromise do

2 legislative houses; 1 based on population (house of representatives) and 1 equal for all states (senate)

the house of representatives was based on

population

the senate was

equal for all states

Jay treaty

treaty between british and US that reiterated the agreement in the Treaty of Paris that both sides would live up to the agreement; delayed warfare

Judiciary Act of 1789

state courts can appeal decisions to the supreme court if they deal with the Constitution

Judiciary Act of 1801

act signed by Adams to increase the number of justices in the Supreme court

Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions

written by Jefferson and Madison- called the Alien and Sedition Acts unconstitutional and advocated the authority of the states to nullify federal law they think unconstitutional