Matter/Thermo Exam Terms

matter

anything that has mass and takes up space

volume

the amount of space an object takes up

mass

the amount of matter in an object

density

how much mass is in a volume: **mass/volume=?**

inertia

the property of an object to remain at constant velocity unless acted upon by an outside force

viscosity

the resistance of a liquid to flow

weight

changes with gravity: *though the mass is constant as gravity changes*

pressure

a way to measure the amount of force being applied to a certain area: **force/area=? (kPa)**

solution

a well mixed mixture

solute

the smaller percent of the solution that is being dissolved by the solvent

solvent

the larger percent of the solution that does the dissolving

suspension

a mixture in which particles can be seen and easily separated *(with filtering, etc.)*

solubility

how well a solute can dissolve in a solvent at a given temperature

saturated solution

this type of solution doesn’t dissolve when new solute is added because it has already dissolved as much solute as it is capable of

unsaturated solution

this type of solution continues to dissolve when new solute is added because it has not reached its maximum dissolving capacity

supersaturated solution

when the temperature of a saturated solution is increased, any new solute should now be able to dissolve and becomes this type of solution

physical change

a phase change: *when matter changes from one state to another*

chemical change

a phase change on a molecular level: *including/due to chemicals*

atom

the smallest particle of an element

mixture

two or more substances that are mixed together but not chemically combined

boiling point of **water**

water boils at 100 degrees celsius

freezing point of **water**

water freezes at 0 degrees celsius

heterogenous

this type of mixture is made up of different compositions, appearances, and properties

homogenous

This type of mixture is made up of the same composition, appearances, and properties

compound

a pure substance formed from chemical combinations of two or more different elements

element

a pure substance that cannot be broken down into other substances by any chemical means

amorphous solid

can change shape under certain conditions: *ex. playdough*

crystal

atoms arranged in a repeating pattern

Boyle’s Law

inverse relationship between volume and pressure where: **volume decreased - pressure of gas increased, volume increased - pressure of gas decreased**

Charles’ Law

relation ship between volume and temperature where: **volume decreased - temperature of gas decreased, volume increased - temperature of gas increased**

temperature

measurement of average movement of molecules in a substance: *faster the molecules move, the warmer*

exothermic

any reaction that gets warmer or releases heat

endothermic

any reaction that gets colder or absorbs heat

melting point

temperature at which a substances changes from a solid to a liquid

dilute

a solution that has only a little solute

concentrate

a solution that has a lot of solute

precipitate

a solid that forms from a solution in a chemical reaction

thermodynamics

the study of the patterns of energy change

thermal equilibrium

when a hot and cold body come in contact and reach the same temperature

heat capacity

the maximum amount of heat an object can give up or take in

conduction

heat is transferred by direct contact: *ex. cooking something on a pan on a gas stove*

convection

when hot air rises and allows cooler air to come in and be heated: heat transferred by gas or liquid

radiation

when heat is transferred by electro-magnetic waves

conservation of energy

input a certain amount of energy, and the same amount is your outcome: energy can be changed from one form to another

heat

the exchange of thermal energy from a hot body to a cold body

work (work energy)

the directed movement of matter from one location to another

independent variable

a variable that isn’t changed by the other variables you are trying to measure

dependent variable

a variable that depends on other factors

expansion

due to heat the speed of particles increase and metals get bigger

contraction

cooling metals have particles that are slowing down, meaning the metal will revert back to its original form.

neutralization

a reaction where bases do not react with acids

indicator

changes color in the presence of an acid or a base

molecular speed

the speed of a group of molecules in a gas

solutes effect on solvents

solutes lower solvent’s freezing points, and raise the boiling points

acid properties

a substance that tastes sour, reacts with metals and carbonates, and turns litmus paper red

base properties

a substance that tastes bitter, feels slippery, and turns litmus paper blue

corrosive

a substance that “eats away” or breaks down other materials: ex. acid is this

kinetic energy

the energy an object has because of its motion

potentional energy

the energy that is stored, or “conserved” in an object or substance

the law of conservation matter

the law where matter is never created or destroyed under any conditions