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What is research?
Mandatory research in validating claims
Scientific research is empirical
Can be observed time and time again, regardless of who’s observing it
Deductive reasoning
logical process where conclusions are drawn from general principles
(ex. all living things require energy to survive (premise), ducks are living things, therefore ducks require energy to survive (conclusion))
Inductive reasoning
conclusions are drawn from observations
(ex. you see fruit growing from tress and therefore assume all fruit grows on trees)
Theory
well-develop set of ideas that promise an explanation for observed phenomena
Hypothesis
prediction about the relationship between two or more variables
usually an “if-then”
Capable of being shown as incorrect
‘Clinical or case studies’ focus on one individual…
that is typically in a extrema or unique psychological circumstance that differentiates them for the general public.
Naturalistic behavior
hidden under scrutiny (observation).
people’s actions in their natural environment
most effective when it comes to observing people
Observer bias
when observations may be skewed (change direction) to align with observer expectations
cross-sectional research
compares multiple segments of a population at a single time (such as different age groups)
Longitudinal
same group of individuals are surveyed repeatedly over an extended period of time.
Attrition
reduction of number of participants as some drop out of the study over time
Correlation
Relationship between two or more variables are correlated
Correlation Coefficient
Positive Correlation
Negative Correlation
Cause-and-effect relationship
changes in one variable cause the changes in the other variable
Confounding variable
Illusory correlations
Note 
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