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Accommodation
Is the process by which new experiences cause existing schemas to change.
Assimilation
Is the process by which new experiences are incorporated into existing schemas.
Teratogens
Are external agents that cause abnormal prenatal development.
Sensorimotor Stage
Understand their world primarily through sensory experiences and physical (motor) interactions with objects.
Zone of Proximal Development
The difference between what a child can do independently and what the child can do with assistance from adults or moreadvanced peers.
Adolescent Egocentrism
A self- absorbed and distorted view of ones uniqueness and importance.
Schemas
Which are organized patterns of thought and action.
Preoperational Stage
In which they represent the world symbolically through words and mental images but do not yet understand basic mental operations or rules.
Reflexes
Automatic, inborn behaviors that occur in response to specific stimuli.
Embryo
Develops from the end of week 2 through week 8 after conception.
Fetus
Develops from week 9 after conception until birth.
Sex typing
Involves treating others differently based on whether they are female or male.
Strange Situation
A standardized procedure for examining infant attachment.
Conservation
The principle that basic properties of objects, such as their volume, mass, or quantity, stay the same even though their outward appearance may change.
Puberty
A period of rapid maturation in which the person becomes capable of sexual reproduction.
Cephalocaudal principle
Reflects the tendency for development to proceed in a head- to- foot direction.
Senile Dementia
Refers to dementia that begins after age 65.
Sensitive Period
Is an optimal age range for certain experiences, but if those experiences occur at another time, normal development is still possible.
Preconventional Moral Reasoning
Is based on anticipated punishments or rewards.
Proximodistal principle
Continues toward the outermost parts.
Neglectful Parents
Provide neither warmth nor rules nor guidance.
Gender Constancy
Which is the understanding that being male or female is a permanent part of a person.
Adolescence
The period of development and gradual transition between childhood and adulthood.
Critical Period
Is an age range during which certain experiences must occur for development to proceed normally or along a certain path.
Sequential Design
Which combines the crosssectional and longitudinal approaches.
Seperation Anxiety
Distress over being separated from a primary caregiver.
Emotion regulation
The processes by which we evaluate and modify our emotional reactions.
Theory of Mind
Refers to a persons beliefs about the "mind "and the ability to understand other peoples mental states.
Stranger Anxiety
Distress over contact with unfamiliar people.
Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASD)
Involve a range of mild to severe cognitive, behavioral, and /or physical deficits caused by prenatal exposure to alcohol.
Authoritarian Parents
Also exert control but do so within a cold, unresponsive, or rejecting relationship
Postconventional Moral Reasoning
Is based on well- thought- out, general moral principles.
Formal Operational Stage
In which individuals can think logically about concrete and abstract problems, form hypotheses, and systematically test them.
Indulgent Parents
Have warm, caring relationships with their children but do not provide the guidance and discipline that help children learn responsibility and concern for others.
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