Society
an entity that allows individuality yet provides space for other individuals and groupst to pursue mutual goals and aspirations.
Plato
ancient philosopher that believed that man is a social animal
social group
is a collection of individuals who have relations with one another that make them interdependent to some significant degree
Interdependence
is a necessary condition that exists within social groups because it is what enables its members to pursue shared goals or promote common values and principles.
aggregate
or a mere collection of people within a particular place and time.
primary group
It is a small, intimate, and less specialized group whose members engage in face-to-face and emotion-based interactions over an extended period of time.
Secondary groups
are larger, less intimate, and more specialized groups where members engage in an impersonal and objective-oriented relationship for a limited time.
Kinship
It is through this that young Filipinos realize the great importance of culture assign to the family and
Emile Durkheim
argued that the shift from traditional to modern society will impact how individuals relate to one another.
self-categorization theory
It proposes that people's appreciation of their group membership is influenced by their perception towards people who are not members of their groups.
fraternity
It is an exclusive all-male student organization.
sorority
It is an exclusive all-female organization.
in-group
It is a group to which one belongs and with which one feels a sense of identity.
out-group
It is a group to which one does not belong and to which he or she may feel a sense of competitiveness or hostility
reference group
It is a group to which an individual compares himself or herself
network
refers to the structure of relationships between social actors of groups
Social media
is a significant development in the twenty-first century and its rapid evolution continues to change the way people manage the complicated nature of their social relationships and group affinities.
traditional or primitive societies
In this, networks are exclusive, limited, and mostly defined by kinship.
Modern Society
redefined the "safe and secure" arrangement provided by traditional networks by allowing the individual to become part of a more expanded and cosmopolitan network with overlapping circles of social interaction
social network
provides a bigger pool from which people draw their possible sources of identity, self-esteem, and self-actualization
Social Network
provides an important context in understanding how various groups are interrelated with one another.
biological, cultural, and technological
Anthropologists cite three types of societal evolution:
Biological evolution
refers to the process whereby organisms undergo various genetic and physical changes that pave the way for biological diversity
Francisco Jose Ayala
a noted Spanish-American biologist, the theory of evolution in biology suggests that "the various types of plants, animals, and other living things on earth have their origins in other pre-existing types and the distinguishable differences are due to modifications in successive generations."
biological evolution
continues to influence how people live and interact with other members of society
technological evolution
as they learned to create various tools and equipment for their daily tasks such as planting crops, domesticating animals, and trade.
biocultural evolution
the mutual interactive evolution of human biology and culture.
biocultural evolution
focuses on the idea that biology makes culture possible and that developing culture further influences the direction of biological evolution."
biocultural evolution
a basic concept in understanding the unique components of human evolution." This concept recognizes the role of culture in social evolution
Cultural development
is interconnected with people's capacity for language, tool-making, and technological innovation.
Lewis Henry Morgan
came up with an evolutionary scheme that divided history into three stages of development:
savagery, barbarism, and civilization
three stages of development:
savage stage
is the lowest stage of development which is exemplified by the nomadic and hunter-gatherer lifestyle
barbaric stage
meanwhile, is the middle stage of development where people began learning agricultural techniques and the domestication of animals.
civilized stage
is the highest stage of development where people learned writing
Friedrich Engels
postulated that the accumulation of private property paved the way for the collapse of primitive communities and the establishment of a class-based society
Karl Marx
Engels later collaborated with __________ and they came up with the perspective that social institutions evolve primarily due to the struggle between social classes over the means of production such as wealth and private property.
Herbert Spencer
applied Charles Darwin's principles of biological evolution to social evolution. For him, individual members within societies engage in a competition for survival whereby the superior ones dominate those who are of the inferior type
cultural relativism
or the notion that an individual's attitudes. beliefs, and ideas are based on the cultural context of his or her society. The main proponent of this perspective,
Franz Boas,
argued that human behavior is not rooted in biology but is socially constructed. He used empirical data to prove that much of what social Darwinists attributed to race was actually the product of environment and culture
band-level societies
The earliest societies were comprised of the hunters-gatherers, and were referred to as
band-level societies
They were basically small and nomadic family groups and were plainly organized. These groups were believed to be highly egalitarian and nonhierarchical since distinctions were based on age and sex and division of labor was natural
Tribe
a more formal social organization made up of several bands and groups that were connected through a clan structure or kinship
Headman
Leader of a tribe and was a more formal and established leader
Headman
He had significant influence among the members of the tribe and was recognized as a person of great importance.
Chiefdom
A new political organization, which consisted of tribes united under one leader or chief.
Industrial Revolution
This event introduced significant social, cultural, and political changes in the lives of people in Europe
Industrial Revolution
among the effects were increased migration, the growth of urban populations, changes in the lifestyle, increased production, and etc.
Adam Smith
argued that the role of the state is to facilitate the growth of the economy and maintain an unregulated, "free market."
LAISSEZ-FAIRE
is the principle of nonintervention of government in economic affairs.
LAISSEZ-FAIRE
It is the heart of the doctrine that the economy works best when left alone by government
Aristotle
The Greek philosopher ____________ believed that human beings are by nature social and political animals, and that human interactions fulfill certain basic needs.
polis or city-state
as the highest form of interaction which fulfills the highest need of man which is self-sufficiency.
polis
For him, this is the reflection of the natural order,
city-state
is composed of people who govern and those who are governed.
Aristotle
used the example of the relationship between the master and his slave as an illustration of the natural order of things in society.
slaves
are expected to perform their duties for their masters,
freemen
must perform their duties as citizens of the state.
Thomas Hobbes
The English philosopher,__________________ , thought that the agreement was necessitated by the need to guarantee the security of the people. Hence, the main role of the political ruler was to maintain order and security within society.
John Locke
another English philosopher, thought that the social contract was needed in order to guarantee the fair and impartial enforcement of the law. For Locke, human beings live in a state of nature governed by rationality and natural law.
social contract
-an agreement made by the members of society that defines and influences their interactions, particularly with those in authority.
state
The primary function of the __________ as defined by the social contract, is to guarantee that individuals exercise their natural rights to life, liberty, and property
historical-materialist perspective
developed by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, asserts that societies evolve in stages in relation to the development of the means of production and its ownership.
Max Weber
The sociologist _____________ , writing in the early 20th century, observed the processes of rationalization and bureaucratization that happened in modern industrial societies. Based on these perspectives, more specialized functions have to be performed by social institutions as societies expand economically. The state bureaucracy became larger in size and its agencies became specialized requiring qualified personnel. In the early stages of social development, the types of authority that dominated were traditional and charismatic forms while in modern, industrial societies, leadership was based on a rational-legal framework.
bureaucracy
means "rule by officials." Today, the term refers to the system of administration of any large institution. Max Weber considered ____ as characterized by rationality, rule-governed behavior, and impersonal authority.
bureau
meaning "office"
kratos
and the Greek word _________ meaning "hierarchy."
Emile Durkheim
Another noted sociologist of the 20th century, distinguished archaic, traditional societies from modern societies.
mechanical solidarity
Durkheim described traditional societies to be bound by what he called _______ or a sense of bonding within the community based on similar beliefs, values, and activities as well as kinship ties between its members.
organic solidarity
More developed societies, however, are characterized by an ______ where division of labor is more specialized. In modern societies, individuals are not self-sufficient and have to depend on other people for many things. For instance, not all people can produce the food that they need to eat. There are also necessities such as clothes and equipment that need to be provided by other people.
function of law
Another distinction made between traditional and modern societies is the ___
traditional societies
laws or rules were punitive in nature
modern societies
laws tend to be restitutive or restorative