UCSP M4&5

Society

Society

an entity that allows individuality yet provides space for other individuals and groupst to pursue mutual goals and aspirations.

Plato

ancient philosopher that believed that man is a social animal

social group

is a collection of individuals who have relations with one another that make them interdependent to some significant degree

Interdependence

is a necessary condition that exists within social groups because it is what enables its members to pursue shared goals or promote common values and principles.

aggregate

or a mere collection of people within a particular place and time.

primary group

It is a small, intimate, and less specialized group whose members engage in face-to-face and emotion-based interactions over an extended period of time. 


Secondary groups

are larger, less intimate, and more specialized groups where members engage in an impersonal and objective-oriented relationship for a limited time. 


Kinship

It is through this that young Filipinos realize the great importance of culture assign to the family and

Emile Durkheim

argued that the shift from traditional to modern society will impact how individuals relate to one another.

self-categorization theory

It proposes that people's appreciation of their group membership is influenced by their perception towards people who are not members of their groups. 


fraternity

It is an exclusive all-male student organization.

sorority

It is an exclusive all-female organization.


in-group

It is a group to which one belongs and with which one feels a sense of identity. 


out-group

It is a group to which one does not belong and to which he or she may feel a sense of competitiveness or hostility


reference group

It is a group to which an individual compares himself or herself


network

refers to the structure of relationships between social actors of groups


Social media

is a significant development in the twenty-first century and its rapid evolution continues to change the way people manage the complicated nature of their social relationships and group affinities.

traditional or primitive societies

In this, networks are exclusive, limited, and mostly defined by kinship.


Modern Society

redefined the "safe and secure" arrangement provided by traditional networks by allowing the individual to become part of a more expanded and cosmopolitan network with overlapping circles of social interaction


social network

provides a bigger pool from which people draw their possible sources of identity, self-esteem, and self-actualization


Social Network

provides an important context in understanding how various groups are interrelated with one another.


biological, cultural, and technological

Anthropologists cite three types of societal evolution:

Biological evolution

refers to the process whereby organisms undergo various genetic and physical changes that pave the way for biological diversity

Francisco Jose Ayala

a noted Spanish-American biologist, the theory of evolution in biology suggests that "the various types of plants, animals, and other living things on earth have their origins in other pre-existing types and the distinguishable differences are due to modifications in successive generations."

biological evolution

continues to influence how people live and interact with other members of society

technological evolution

as they learned to create various tools and equipment for their daily tasks such as planting crops, domesticating animals, and trade.

biocultural evolution

the mutual interactive evolution of human biology and culture.

biocultural evolution

focuses on the idea that biology makes culture possible and that developing culture further influences the direction of biological evolution."

biocultural evolution

a basic concept in understanding the unique components of human evolution." This concept recognizes the role of culture in social evolution

Cultural development

is interconnected with people's capacity for language, tool-making, and technological innovation.

Lewis Henry Morgan

came up with an evolutionary scheme that divided history into three stages of development:

savagery, barbarism, and civilization

three stages of development:

savage stage

is the lowest stage of development which is exemplified by the nomadic and hunter-gatherer lifestyle

barbaric stage

meanwhile, is the middle stage of development where people began learning agricultural techniques and the domestication of animals.

civilized stage

is the highest stage of development where people learned writing

Friedrich Engels

postulated that the accumulation of private property paved the way for the collapse of primitive communities and the establishment of a class-based society

Karl Marx

Engels later collaborated with __________ and they came up with the perspective that social institutions evolve primarily due to the struggle between social classes over the means of production such as wealth and private property.

Herbert Spencer

applied Charles Darwin's principles of biological evolution to social evolution. For him, individual members within societies engage in a competition for survival whereby the superior ones dominate those who are of the inferior type

cultural relativism

or the notion that an individual's attitudes. beliefs, and ideas are based on the cultural context of his or her society. The main proponent of this perspective,

Franz Boas,

argued that human behavior is not rooted in biology but is socially constructed. He used empirical data to prove that much of what social Darwinists attributed to race was actually the product of environment and culture

band-level societies

The earliest societies were comprised of the hunters-gatherers, and were referred to as

band-level societies

They were basically small and nomadic family groups and were plainly organized. These groups were believed to be highly egalitarian and nonhierarchical since distinctions were based on age and sex and division of labor was natural

Tribe

• a more formal social organization made up of several bands and groups that were connected through a clan structure or kinship

Headman

Leader of a tribe and was a more formal and established leader

Headman

He had significant influence among the members of the tribe and was recognized as a person of great importance.

Chiefdom

A new political organization, which consisted of tribes united under one leader or chief.

Industrial Revolution

This event introduced significant social, cultural, and political changes in the lives of people in Europe

Industrial Revolution

among the effects were increased migration, the growth of urban populations, changes in the lifestyle, increased production, and etc.

Adam Smith

argued that the role of the state is to facilitate the growth of the economy and maintain an unregulated, "free market."

LAISSEZ-FAIRE

is the principle of nonintervention of government in economic affairs.

LAISSEZ-FAIRE

It is the heart of the doctrine that the economy works best when left alone by government

Aristotle

The Greek philosopher ____________ believed that human beings are by nature social and political animals, and that human interactions fulfill certain basic needs.

polis or city-state

as the highest form of interaction which fulfills the highest need of man which is self-sufficiency.

polis

For him, this is the reflection of the natural order,

city-state

is composed of people who govern and those who are governed.

Aristotle

used the example of the relationship between the master and his slave as an illustration of the natural order of things in society.

slaves

are expected to perform their duties for their masters,

freemen

must perform their duties as citizens of the state.

Thomas Hobbes

The English philosopher,__________________ , thought that the agreement was necessitated by the need to guarantee the security of the people. Hence, the main role of the political ruler was to maintain order and security within society.

John Locke

another English philosopher, thought that the social contract was needed in order to guarantee the fair and impartial enforcement of the law. For Locke, human beings live in a state of nature governed by rationality and natural law.

social contract

-an agreement made by the members of society that defines and influences their interactions, particularly with those in authority.

state

The primary function of the __________ as defined by the social contract, is to guarantee that individuals exercise their natural rights to life, liberty, and property

historical-materialist perspective

developed by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, asserts that societies evolve in stages in relation to the development of the means of production and its ownership.

Max Weber

The sociologist _____________ , writing in the early 20th century, observed the processes of rationalization and bureaucratization that happened in modern industrial societies. Based on these perspectives, more specialized functions have to be performed by social institutions as societies expand economically. The state bureaucracy became larger in size and its agencies became specialized requiring qualified personnel. In the early stages of social development, the types of authority that dominated were traditional and charismatic forms while in modern, industrial societies, leadership was based on a rational-legal framework.

bureaucracy

means "rule by officials." Today, the term refers to the system of administration of any large institution. Max Weber considered ____ as characterized by rationality, rule-governed behavior, and impersonal authority.

bureau

meaning "office"

kratos

and the Greek word _________ meaning "hierarchy."

Emile Durkheim

Another noted sociologist of the 20th century, distinguished archaic, traditional societies from modern societies.

mechanical solidarity

Durkheim described traditional societies to be bound by what he called _______ or a sense of bonding within the community based on similar beliefs, values, and activities as well as kinship ties between its members.

organic solidarity

More developed societies, however, are characterized by an ______ where division of labor is more specialized. In modern societies, individuals are not self-sufficient and have to depend on other people for many things. For instance, not all people can produce the food that they need to eat. There are also necessities such as clothes and equipment that need to be provided by other people.

function of law

Another distinction made between traditional and modern societies is the ___

traditional societies

laws or rules were punitive in nature

modern societies

laws tend to be restitutive or restorative