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Moral Agent
is “a being who is capable of acting with reference to right and wrong”
Kantian Version
It is also essential that the agents should have the capacity to rise above their feelings and passion and act for the sake of the moral law.
Culture
It Is an aggregate of the learned beliefs, attitudes, values, norms and customs of a society or group of people, shared by them and transmitted from generation to generation within that society.
Culture
It can be viewed as “blessing” and a “baggage”
Two fundamental categories to define things produced by a society:
Material Culture
Non-Material Culture
Types of Culture
High Culture
Cultural Diversity
Subculture
Popular Culture
Multiculturalism
Global Culture
Importance of Culture
Culture affects perceptions
Culture influence behavior
Culture shapes personalities
Our culture shapes our values and belief systems
Moral Behavior
It is what one believes to be the right things to do even in the absence of religion.
Other suggested conditions of moral agency are that agents should have:
an enduring self with free will and an inner life understanding of the relevant facts as well as moral understanding
moral sentiments
Characteristic of Moral Agent
Human being is the moral agent endowed with all possibilities and capabilities to act upon actions with moral considerations.
Characteristic of Moral Agent
Has the ability to discern rights from wrong and to be held accountable for his or her own actions.
Characteristic of Moral Agent
Have a moral responsibility not to cause unjustified harm.
Culture
It can be viewed as “blessing” and a “baggage”
cultural relativism
the principle of regarding the beliefs, values, and practices of a culture from the viewpoint of that culture itself
cultural relativism
uniqueness of every culture from each other
(Vasquez)
to expand, cultural relativism holds that what one culture believes is immoral, another culture may believe is moral
Ethical Relativism
theory that holds that morality is relative to the norms of one’s culture.
denies the existence of one universal moral law
Moral Relativism
a view that moral judgments are true or false only relative to some particular standpoint and that no standpoint is uniquely privileged over all others
idea that there is no universal or absolute set of moral principles
Moral Relativism
A version of morality that advocates “to each her own,” and those who follow it say, “Who am I to judge?”
Descriptive moral relativism
it Is also knowns as cultural relativism
Meta-ethical moral relativism
states that there are no objective grounds for preferring the moral values of one culture over another
Normative moral relativism
the idea that all societies should accept each other’s differing moral values, given that there are no universal moral principles.
Moral relativism
Would say, “When in Rome, do as the Romans do.”
Moral relativism
It rests on the belief that values are subjective and the denial of truth in ethical questions.
Jeff Landauer and Joseph Rowlands (2001)
believed that moral relativism is an ethical judgment which claims that no ethical system is better than another.
Values
comes from the Latin word ‘valere’ which means ‘to be of worth’
it is also refers to as an economic conception
Values
“means primarily, to price, to esteem, to appraise, to estimate. It means the act of cherishing something holding it clear and also, the act of passing judgment upon the nature and amount of its value as compared with something else.”
Human Values
Virtues that guide us to take into account human element when one interacts with one other human being.
It gives the effect of bonding, comforting and measuring.
Moral Values
it help us distinguish between what’s right and wrong, good or bad for you as well as society.
principles that govern our lives and beliefs that make us realize the importance of life, the goals that we want to attain or accomplish in life
Types of Moral Values
Acceptance Compassion Courage Equality Fairness Generosity Honesty
Integrity Kindness Perseverance Politeness Respect Responsibility Self-Control
Individual’s morals
may derive from society and government, religion, or self.
society and government
When moral values derive from them, they, of necessity, may change as the laws and morals of the society change.
Virtues
are good moral habits which make the person even better to perform those good actions well and consequently function well as human beings.
“good”
Formation of virtue then is the acquisition of the true knowledge in the mind which is the
Cardinal Virtues
Prudence Justice Temperance
Theological Virtues
Faith Hope Charity
Moral Character
It is formed by one’s action; what kind of person is constituted by one’s character.
LEVEL 1: PRE- CONVENTIONAL
Stage 1: Obedience and Punishment Orientation
Stage 2: Self-interest/Instrumental Orientation
LEVEL 2: CONVENTIONAL
Stage 3: Interpersonal Accord and Conformity/ Good boy, Nice Girl Orientation
Stage 4: Authority and Maintaining Social Order/Law and Order Orientation
LEVEL 3: POST CONVENTIONAL
Stage 5: Social-Contract Orientation
Stage 6: Universal-Ethical-Principal Orientation
Heinz should not steal the drugs since he would be breaking the law.
Pre-Conventional
Heinz should steal the drug, and not go to prison as this is unfair.
Post- Conventional
Heinz should steal the drug and accept any prison sentence.
Conventional
Note
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