Self determination
The process by which a group of people usually has a certain degree of national consciousness for their own sate and is able to vote for a govt of their choosing.
Treaty of versailles
Forced Germany to take blame for WW1
League of Nations goals
stop war
disarm people
enforce the realty of Versailles
Appeasement
Giving into demands in order to avoid conflict. After WW1, centres felt like avoiding war was in their best interest
Japan in interwar years
no longer demand for Japanese products and their was a feminine
had a mission and ultranationalist beliefs to rule all of Asia. They returned back to traditional warrior values and had an empower. (Hirohito)
japan became a state ruled by military and dictatorship. People followed with blind obedience
Kamikaze pilots
Japan suicide pilots who would crash their planes into allied ships in hopes they would turn into gods in the after life.
japan invasion in interwar years. Where? Why? What happened?
Japan invaded Manchuria in hopes to get new markets. The League of Nations ordered them out, they refused and left the League of Nations instead
League of nations pros
stopped wars in corfu and Bulgaria
they ending slavery around the world
help millions of prisoners home after the war
League of Nations cons
most powerful countries were not involved (USA, USSR)
they had not military or army
in crisis, no one could agree
Italy in interwar years
Benito Mussolini became prime minister. He had ultranationalist beliefs but was a gifted speaker. He became dictator
Mussolini wanted to invade Ethiopia. Trade sanctions were imposed by the league of nations but Italy ignored them.
Soviet Union in interwar years
There was a revolution caused by a civil war because the royal family was assassinated in Russia
USSR was formed which was the union of several nations under Russian rule
Joseph Stalin came into power as the leader of the communist party. Her created state owned farms and anyone who disagreed with this was punished or sent to camps
Germany in interwar years
the creation of the Weimar Republic was created due to a German revolution
no political party won enough votes to run a successful govt
stock market crashes which makes the already high inflation and unemployment worse
Weimar Republic
A democratic society which gave citizens the freedom of expression
Adolf hitler before power
was seen as a hero
he attempted to seize power over a coup in a beer hall. This failed and landed him in jail which is where he wrote his manifesto “mein Kampf”
Adolf coming into power
He became leader of the national socialist German workers party (nazi party) and promised to restore national pride
merged parties with president von Hindenburg
when von Hindenburg died, halter became the Fuher or the ultimate leader
he changed the soldiers oath from being “serving the nation” to “serving hitler”
What were Adolfs promises to fix Germany
ignore treaty of Versailles
rebuild country’s army and reclaim territory
restore the superiority of the aryan race (white Europeans) where Germans and Nordic people were seen as the most pure
In the beginning, how did the nazis get their point across?
propaganda
pep rarely
slogans like “master race” or “Germany today, tomorrow the whole world”
racist policy’s to eliminate inferior people (Jews, homosexuals, people with disabilities)
get rid of anyone who challenged their views
Nazi ideologies
“the jews threaten us, lets isolate them”
“we will eradicate the jews as a public service”
the nazis had trouble deciding who they thought were jews due to intermarrying which was never solved
Anti Jewish laws
could not own property
couldn’t drive
Jewish children could not attend school
Jews could not be doctors, lawyers or profs
Nuremberg laws
laws that were established to further restrict Jewish lives
reich citizenship act: Jews couldn’t be citizens
Jews couldn’t marry or have sex with Germans
lost political right
couldn’t be officer in the German army
Aryanization
Dismissal of Jewish workers and managers of a company
jews had to register their property and assets which would eventually get taken by the sate
jews could not own a business
jews could not practice law
Kristallnacht or the night of broken glass
destruction of Jewish synagogues, business, community centers and homes
arrested and beat Jewish people
refers to the wave of violent anti-Jewish popgroms/ organized massacres which took place through out germany, Austria, and areas of the Sudetenland
nazi propoganda
hammer and sickle which represented communism
a whip
fasciae characteristics like exaggerated noses or gruesome, angry looking faces
not white skin
Lebensraum
Living space for Germans. There was required expansion for increased living spaces for the aryan race
Anti-semitism
Hostility or prejudice towards jews. There were used as the scapegoat for all of Germans hardships
Anschluss
Union with Austria annexing (adding territory) to the third reich
Begininning of the war
hitler invade Poland to take over Nordic state
Poland surrendered
Britain, Poland, france, realized appeasement wasnt working
britian and france the declared war on Germany
Allied powers (7)
britain (Churchill
USA (Roosevelt)
france
Russia (Stalin)
Australia
New Zealand
canada
Axis powers
Germany, italy, and Japan They all had goals of expansionism and ultranationalist beliefs
Canada in WW2
They were more independent and were not pulled into just because Britain declared war
people were encourage to join to war or volunteer in other ways like invest in war bonds
employers could not hire someone unless they had a permit from and employment office
unemployment fell and more women joined the workforce
Japanese Canadians
since Japan was viewed as the enemy to canada, Japanese Canadians often faced discrimination
they were gathered together and put into internment camps in B.C.
Einsatzgruppen
A death squad that worked along side the nazis. They were responsible for mass killings. They were a significant part played in Poland after the invasion
Final steps to eliminate Jews
all jews from the court side were moved to the city
Jews had to register
jews had to move to work or death camps
this happened in any country germany had conquered
Wannsee conference
A decision made in 40 seconds was that jews should now be killed in a systematic way with rules for the betterment of humanity
The ghettos
they were esstamblished in polish cities
sections were fenced and guarded by nazis
they were left to fend for themselves and work in factories which is where they could earn food
ghettos were run by Judenrat, a Jewish council that answered to the nazis
jews were taken from the ghettos to work or death camps by train
Work camps
if you were seen as able bodied you were sent to work camps where you were stripped naked, tattooed, head shaved, and all belongings taken. This was made to make a collective identity for the jews
conditions of camp were terrible and look similar to factories
Death camps
6 major death camps including auschwitz.
when jews arrived they were stripped naked, tattooed, had their head shaved, gold teeth pulled, and then sent to “showers” or gas chambers
Jewish workers then removed the bodies and put them into a cremation pit
Final days
italy surrendered to allies, Mussolini was hung
hitler and his mistress committed suicide in his bunker
Germany surrendered
atomic bomb on Hiroshima and Nagasaki then japan surrendered uncontrollably
War cost and deaths
Deaths: 60 million Cost: $1 trillion (most expensive out of all the wars combined)
War tribunals
War crime trials set up by International military tribunal created by Britain, france, USA, and USSR. Only 24 nazis were indicated. Punishment was death or life imprisonment
What crimes could you be charged for
conspiracy: leader, organizer in carrying out one of the 4 crimes
crimes against peace: planning preparing or initiating war
crimes agianst humanity: murder enslavement, mistreatments of civilians due to racial or religious difference on a mass scale
war crimes: murder of civilians, stealing of private property, destruction of cities or towns
genocide
An act committed with the intent to destroy a national, ethic, racial, or religious grou
Terrorism
The use of violence (usually against civilians) in the pursuit of a political aim. Motives: political, ideological, religious
FLQ
liberation (separation) of quebec
ideologies based on strong nationalism
they kidnap and sometimes kill diplomats or deputy’s
FLQ fled to Cuba where they could hide
War measures act
for the whole country
suspension of due process (fair treatment of any one under the law was taken away)
military laws: curfews, stop and search, arrests
police state
FLQ was deemed an unlawful group
9/11
A series of four coordinated terrorist attacks (led by Al queda) that targeted the twin towers, the pentagon, and the White House (failed)
hate crimes towards middle eastern people increased as well as racial profiling
Al Queda
Ultranationalist Islamic terrorist organization
anti-west, anti- democracy, anti-Semitic
they saw the US as causing all of the middle easts problems
Patriot act
Providing appropriate tools required to intercept and obstruct terrorism acts
as a response to 9/11
law enforcement and FBI had little restriction on what they could access with out peoples knowledge. This include private property, phone calls emails, financial records etc
Anti- terrorism act
extended power of the government to combat terrorism
police could make preventative arrests which were usually based on racial profiling
expansion of surveillance
individual freedoms were over ruled by the need for security
Problems with the no fly list
racial profiling Undermine of due process
undermine of mobility rights
false positive (people can have the same name)
Norway bombing
2 consecutive attacks were brought out by a white supremacist
was against Islam and immigrants. Bombed a diversity summer camp
Christchurch attacks
2 mass shootings by a white supremacist occurred at mosques in Christchurch in New Zealand due to islamaphhobi
Ireland and the troubles
Nationalist/republican (Catholic) vs loayalists
conflict built on identity and history
segregation of the people