Exploration of the Americas Test

Missionaries

people who work to convert others to their religion

Presidio

Spanish fort located near Spanish mission

Viceroy

ruler of a section of the Spanish empire in the Americas, appointed by the Spanish King

Mestizo

child of mixed Spanish and Indian ancestry

Mission

a location for missionary work

List and explain the social class in Spanish colonies

• Viceroys and nobility: The rulers of the Spanish territories and the nobles that hailed from S pain

• Spaniard and other Europeans: Spanish soldiers and natives of other European countries

• Mestizos: Children of mixed Spanish and Indian ancestry

• African Slaves and Indians: Natives of the Americas and the slaves they obtained from Africa

Name the two Spanish colonies in the Americas and the lands in them.

• Peru: Present-day South America; not including Brazil

• New Spain: Present-day Mexico, Central America, and the Caribbean

What was the significance of the Pueblo revolt?

It was the greatest setback the Indians ever inflicted on colonial expansion and it taught the Pueblos and Spanish to compromise.

Who was the Pueblo leader?

Pope

3 Ways Spanish colonies negatively impacted the Native Americans

- introduced deadly diseases
- missionaries’ harsh punishments
- killed natives in colonization
- enslaved natives
- Took many wives and populated the lands

What role did missionaries play in Spanish colonies?

They tried to convert the natives to Christianity and would punish them if they didn’t give up all of their traditional beliefs and practices.

What did the Spanish gain after the Pueblo revolt/Pope’s death?

They reclaimed New Mexico.

Characteristics of a Spanish Colony

•Catholic friars established missions in each colony.

•Spanish soldiers built forts near the missions.

•The friars made Indians worship as Catholics and prevented the Indians from using their traditional katsina figures in worship.

•Indians had to work for the friars and Spanish settlers, build churches, and adopt Spanish ways.

What were Spanish soldiers called?

Conquistadors

How many Pueblo died as a result of Spanish’s cruelty?

about 23,000

What did the Pueblos do in their revolt?

The Pueblos destroyed and plundered missions, farms, and ranches.

How long did the Spanish flee from the Pueblos and where?

For 12 years, at the southern section of New Mexico

What did each side learn from the Pueblo revolt?

• Pueblos accepted Spanish authority

• Spanish practiced greater restraint toward Pueblos

• They worked together against  warring Indian tribes.

What is the longest standing Spanish colony?

St. Augustine

Name the 3 conquistadors who went to North America and what they did

• Hernando DeSoto - Conquered Florida, Georgia, The Carolinas, Tennessee, Alabama, Mississippi, and Arkansas’

• Francisco Vasquez de Coronado - Colonized Rio Grande valley and Kansas

• Pedro Menendez de Aviles - Destroyed French base in Florida, established St. Augustine

Northwest Passage

a supposed water route to Asia through the cold waters of present-day Canada

Quebec

first permanent European settlement in Canada

Samuel de Champlain

Quebec’s founder

coureurs de bois

French fur traders

metis

children of French and Indian marriages

How did France’s American colonies differ from Spain’s American colonies?

France’s colonies were established to interact with, trade with, and learn about the Natives; whereas, Spain’s colonies did it for God, gold, and glory.

Other Reasons:

- The French traded with the Indians, the Spanish killed them and took their resources
- The French didn’t enslave Indians and put them under harsh labor

French explorers looked for what

a Northwest Passage

French explorers and the areas they explored

• Giovanni da Verrazano - From present-day
  North Carolina to Maine

• Jacques Cartier - St. Lawrence River area

• Robert de LaSalle - Mississippi basin

• Louis Joliet and Father Jacques Marquette - Great Lakes, Mississippi basin

Explain the Indian /French fur trade.

Indians never developed metal/iron items so they traded their fur to the French in exchange for metal items such as arrowheads, axes, knives, hatches, and kettles.

French/Indian fur trade process

• Indians trap beaver pelts →

• Indians trade fur to French →

• Indians get metal items →

• French sell fur in Europe.

List the characteristics of a French colony.

•The French took little land because they were mostly fur traders and fishermen, not farmers.

•The French did not enslave Indians because they traded with Indians for beaver pelts.

•French fur traders married Indian women and raised families. Children of mixed French and Native American parents were known as metis.

•The French king appointed a military governor-general to govern colony. The king did not permit an elected assembly.

When was Quebec founded?

1608

Why was Quebec founded?

It was founded for protection in the warfare between the warring Indians as well as between some French Fur traders.

What was the first permanent European settlement in Canada?

Quebec

On what river was Quebec founded?

St. Lawrence River

Who did the French and Indians ally against?

The Iroquois

Why did the French war with the Iroquois?

They were they enemies of the Indians whom they traded with.

When did the French and Indians win the war against the Iroquois?

Champlain waged war in 1609 and they won in 1701

What was Robert LaSalle looking for as he sailed south on the Mississippi River?

the Northwest Passage

Who is Louisiana named After?

Louis XIV

When was New Orleans founded?

1718

List the strengths and weaknesses of New Orleans.

Strengths:

• Became France’s leading seaport and the largest town in Americas.

• Located at tip of Louisiana, it was a valuable military base that protected French control of Mississippi watershed (from the English).

Weaknesses:

• Economy provided only trading with Indians or growing poor quality tobacco.

• Swampy landscape and hot climate promoted deadly diseases such as dysentery and malaria, and many colonists died.

French priests/missionaries were called…

Jesuits

What challenges did Jesuits face as they tried to learn of the Indians and convert them?

• learning their language

• the harsh winters

• scarcity of food.

What values or beliefs motivated the Jesuits?

Their beliefs in saving souls by converting them to Christianity.

Difference between the Jesuits and French fur traders

• The fur traders only cared for the people to make money off of their fur.

• The Jesuits cared for their conversion and salvation.

Bartolome de Las Casas worked to…

win laws protecting the Indians

Castas meaning in Spain

a system for racial hierarchy

Why did the Pueblos revolt in 1680?

They suffered too many loses and burdens under Spain’s colonial control.

Protestant reformation in Europe resulted in…

rivalry among many new religious denominations

Who governed Spanish colonies and how were they chosen?

Viceroy; appointed by the King of Spain

What is the universal theme of European exploration/the Spanish’s goal?

God, gold, and glory.

charter

a certificate of permission from the king to colonize an area in the Americas

joint-stock company

a group of investors in the colonizing effort who shared in profits and losses of a colony

Powhatan

powerful chief of 30 Indian tribes in area of Jamestown colony

John Smith

leader in Jamestown colony

House of Burgesses

first representative body in colonial America

What was the first legislative body in the Americas?

House of Burgesses

proprietary colony

English colony in America that belonged to powerful individuals or companies

Bacon’s Rebellion

a revolt in September 1676, where Nathaniel Bacon marched his armed followers to Jamestown, drove out the governor, and burned the town

Lord Baltimore

owner and governor of the colony of Maryland

James Oglethorpe

leader of the colony of Georgia

Spell the last name of the leader of the colony of Georgia (James…)

Oglethorpe

royal colonies

English colonies in America that belonged to the crown

3 types of colonies and explain them

proprietary - colonies ruled by an official appointed by the King or a wealthy, powerful group of men

royal - ruled by the King

charter - governed by the people; self-governed

What is another name for self-governance?

Salutary neglect

Explain the headright system.

The headright system is a system in which anyone who paid their own or someone else’s way to Virginia received 50 acres of land.

Explain the difference between a Proprietary colony and a royal colony.

• A royal colony is a colony that belongs to the king of England and is ruled by the King.

• A proprietary colony is a colony that is owned by wealthy individuals who split the gains and losses on the colony; they were led by a powerful person within the group that started the colony.

• It can also be owned by the King who sends a representative to rule it.

Explain the Characteristics of the Maryland colony.

•Proprietary colony founded in 1632 as a refuge for English Catholics

•Owned and governed by Lord Baltimore

•Allowed slavery

•Tobacco was the main crop.

List the characteristics of the Jamestown colony.

• Founded in 1607 by the Virginia Company

• Located on the Chesapeake Bay; had fertile land and navigable rivers

• Located near swamps which protected them from Indians but was filled with malaria-spreading mosquitoes

• Colonists/citizens were starving and suffering from disease at first

• Colonists refused to farm, instead searching for gold and silver

• They built a fort for the colony

• John Smith became the leader of Jamestown

• Colonists sought for Indian land

• They went to war with Chief Powhatan and the thirty Indian tribes that lived in the area

• They kidnapped Pocahontas and married her to John Rolfe

• They began to thrive due to cultivation of tobacco

• Became the principal supplier of tobacco to Europe by 1640

Who was the Chief of the Indians tribes that Jamestown fought against? Who was his daughter? Who did she marry?

Powhatan; Pocahontas; John Rofle

Explain Bacon’s Rebellion

Royal governor of Jamestown, William Berkeley, raised taxes and refused to exterminate the Indians. Nathaniel Bacon organized colonists and attacked the Indians; then, he marched on Jamestown, the seat of government, and burned it. Bacon suddenly died causing the rebellion to collapse. A new royal governor was appointed and he lowered taxes.

What was Berkeley charged with?

Corruption, refusing to deal with the Indians, and raising taxes too high.

Give all the details of the Georgia colony.

• Began in 1732

• Proprietary colony founded by James Oglethorpe

• Founded as a haven for debtors

• People could be imprisoned for debt

• Also served to stop the expansion of the Spanish’s territory, Florida.

• Slavery was not allowed until settlers protested against the strict rules.

• It became a royal colony in 1752

• Slavery became allowed.

Name all five Southern states, their founder (if known), and date and reason for creation/starting.

• Virginia: John Smith/The Virginia Company; 1607 - Created for the Virginia company to gain more money and resources.

• Maryland: Lord Baltimore; 1632 - Founded as a refuge for English Catholics

• North & South Carolina: (Founded as Carolina 1670/Split into North & South Carolina 1691) - Created as plantations for the cultivation of tobacco and rice.

• Georgia: James Oglethorpe; 1732 - Founded as a haven for debtors and to prevent the expansion of Spain’s colony, Florida.

What enabled the colony of Jamestown to thrive?

The success of the cultivation of tobacco.

What charges did Berkeley make against Bacon?

Berkeley charges Bacon on counts of

• his character and motivations being unknown

• his foolish leading people into battle and therefore killing them though he boasts of it

• rejection of pardons and breaking of the law.

Puritan

• people who wanted to purify the Anglican church, the official and legal church of England

Separatist

•  people who started their own church separate from the Anglican church

Pilgrims

• the first Puritan emigrants to New England in 1620

Mayflower Compact

• agreement in which pilgrims agreed to form a government and obey its laws

John Winthrop

• leader who, in 1630, led a large group of Puritans to America, settling first in present-day Boston

Roger Williams

• religious dissenter who criticized Puritans’ Indian policy and was banned from Massachusetts Bay Colony

Anne Hutchinson

• religious dissenter who was banned from Massachusetts Bay Colony

Pequot War

• begun in 1636, battle between Indians and Puritans over Puritan expansions of land and control of trade

Why did the Pequot war begin?

British accused Indians of killing a British trader.

King Philip’s War

1675 Indian uprising that included many Indian villages in Massachusetts Bay Colony

Why did King Phillip’s War begin?

Indians burned down 12 Puritan towns

Metacom

Indian leader also called King Philip by colonists

Four characteristics of the Puritans.

• They challenged the hierarchy of the Anglican church, the official English church.

• They had strict ideas as to how people gained salvation.

• They tried to purify or change the church and did not have bishops in their church structure.

• They did not grant religious tolerance to others.

Explain the characteristics of the Massachusetts Bay Colony.

• Puritan colonies were started mainly by farmers, fishermen, or tradesmen and their families.

• Colonists followed strict religious ways with no religious tolerance.

• The Colony was a republic in which Puritan male members of the church could vote to elect the governor, deputy governor, and assembly.

• Colonists worked to convert Indians to Christianity and English ways.

• Colonists expanded their farms, taking land from the Indians.

• Conflicts with Indians often occurred over land.

The New England colony expanded to what areas?

• Maine, Connecticut, and New Hampshire.

• plus kinda Rhode Island

Who was Roger Williams? What was his colony like?

• Roger Williams was a Puritan minister; believed that puritans had no right to take land by force from the Indians and founded the colony of Rhode Island.

• Rhode Island was built on land purchased from the Indians. It was a center of religious freedom, where the church and state were separated; allowing all male members, catholic or not, to vote.

Explain the Salem Witch Trials

The Salem Witch Trials were trials conducted in Salem, Massachusetts in 1692 by the Puritan colonists upon innocent people based on accusations of participation in evil magic. These accusations were brought forth by the death of sickened children and/or cattle. The trials resulted in 19 people, mainly women, being executed on counts of being witches.

Discuss the Pequot War.

The Pequot War

• is a war stemming from the Puritan’s intolerance of the natives and expansion into their land.

• Puritans saw Indians as lazy because they lived off the land and only subsistence farmed; whereas they worked the land and built farms, homes, and churches.

• They expanded into Native Lands.

• They then accused the Pequots of killing an English trader, causing the Pequot War to begin. In said war, Indian foes of the Pequots joined the Puritans, which led to the eventual defeat of the Pequots in 1638.

What was the Treaty of Hartford?

The Treaty of Hartford was a treaty in 1638 between the English and their allies during the Pequot war which gave them ownership of all Pequot lands and mandated remaining Pequots to live in the other Indian groups.

What was King Phillip’s War?

• a war caused by Puritan-Indian tensions.

• Tensions rose from Indians burning down 12 Puritan towns.

• However, the colonists wrongly believed that Chief Metacom, whom they knew as King Phillip, led the Indians in these acts.

• This caused them to burn the Indian’s crops; which, when paired with the assassination of Metcom by a praying town Indian and the lack of weapons, caused their defeat.

• Ultimately, causing them to lose the land they had, being outnumbered by the colonists 10 to 1. The Indians moved to Canada, seeking revenge by raiding the English and fighting with the French against the English.

Why was the Mayflower compact significant?

It was significant as self-government would become one of the founding principals of the U.S.; first kind of a constitution in the U.S.

How did New England colonists treat the Natives?

The New England colonists viewed them as lazy savages; they tried to subdue and convert them into replicas of English Christians in special "praying towns."

Why did Puritans leave England?

• The Puritans were Christians who thought that the Church of England removed too many ceremonies from the Catholic church

• They didn't tolerate other religious dissidents. As a result, they were persecuted for challenging England's official church

• They sought refuge outside of England for safety.