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Transcription Location
Nucleus
Transcription player: transcription factor(S)
They bind to the promoter region of a gene that needs to be transcribed. They signal that this gene needs to be transcribed. Control the rate of transcription - proteins
Transcription player: RNA Polymerase
It separates the two strands of double helix DNA to build the mRNA transcript. Assembles at promoter and builds as it moves down CODING region of the gene. Builds the complementary RNA strand
Process of building mRNA: Initiation
Transcription factors bind to the promoter region of a gene that needs to be transcribed. RNA polymerase binds to promoter of a gene where transcription factors are signaling gene needs to be transcribed.
Process of building mRNA: Elongation
RNA polymerase assembles at the promoter, RNA polymerase building the mRNA as it moves down the coding region of the gene. The mRNA chain that is created is complementary to the TEMPLATE STRAND.
Process of building mRNA: Termination sequence
Series of nucleotides in DNA that signal the end of a gene. When RNA polymerase reaches terminator sequence, it releases the mRNA transcript and detaches from DNA.
Coding Strand
complementary to TEMPLATE STRAND in DNA, does not interact with RNA 5’→ 3’
Template strand
builds the complementary mRNA strand and it’s 3’ → 5’
Process of building mRNA: complementary bases of RNA and DNA
RNA: U+A and C+G T becomes U in RNA DNA: C+G A+T
Transcription: Promoter
the region of DNA that transcription factors and RNA polymerase binds to to being transcription, start of transcription
Transcription: terminator
nucleotides that signal to the RNA polymerase to release the mRNA transcript and detach. IT is the end of the gene that needs to be transcribed
RNA
single strand, ribonucleic acid
RNA Processing (Modification): Splicing of Introns and exons
Takes place before mRNA leaves nucleus. Editing: - Spliceosome will remove non-coding portions of mRNA(INTRONS) and splice together the coding portions of mRNA(exons)
RNA Processing (Modification): Addition of 5'-cap
a “cap” (modified guanine) is added to the 5’ end of mRNA. it facilitates exit of mRNA from nucleus and slows how rapidly mRNA breaks down in cytoplasm(protects it)
RNA Processing (Modification): Addition of Poly-A Tail
At 3’ end, a poly A tail is added, it fills in all the intron spots, 50-200 adenine nucleotides are added
RNA Processing (Modification): Transport out of nucleus
leaves through nuclear pores
Translation: location
Outside nucleus, Cytoplasm, where the ribosomes are located
Translation: Players: mRNA
messenger RNA, carries genetic code from nucleus to ribosome, it is what is created during Transcription, complementary to template strand of DNA, 5’ to 3’
Translation: Players: ribosome
small ribosomal subunit + large ribosomal subunit = ribosome, ribosome has A site (where new amino acids are brought) and P site( where the polypeptide chain is formed) ribosome atattches amino acids together to form the polypeptide, and then the ribosome shifts to the next codon
Translation: Players: tRNA (with anti-codons)
tRNA brings in new amino acid into the ribosome A site, on the top the amino acid that is coded for my the three nucleotides on the mRNA and the tRNA has an anticodon to the codon on mRNA so they latch together top: amino acid → tRNA → anticodon and connects to codon on mRNA
Codon
a series of three nucleotides that form amino acid
tRNA
transferRNA, brings amino acids to the ribosome
Process of building amino acid chain: Initiation
small ribosomal subunit attaches to the 5’ end of mRNA and moves down length of mRNA until it reaches start codon (AUG ALWAYS). Initiator tRNA (with Methionine attached) interacts with start codon(aug). large ribosomal subunit attaches to small ribosomal subunit to create ribosome
Process of building amino acid chain: Elongation
tRNA brings next amino acid to be added to the polypeptide into the “A site” of the ribosome. ribosome attaches amino acids by a peptide bond. ribosome shifts down to next codon
Process of building amino acid chain: Termination
release factor enters “A site” and interacts with stop codon (THESE ARE ON THE mRNA AND ARE THE BLACK DOT THING) the polypeptide gets released. ribosomal subunits detach from mrRNA
Start Codon
THIS IS ALWAYS AUG - Methinonine, you can’t start the chain until you hit this
Stop Codon
multiple different ones and you don’t write it in the list you just stop the chain
Transcription
DNA→RNA, The creation of single-stranded RNA from a DNA template (By complementary nucleotides)
Translation
RNA→POLYPEPTIDE, RNA transcript codes for (is used to assemble) amino acid sequence of polypeptide
If codons were two nucleotides long rather than three, how many possible codons would there be?
16
Where does transcription begin?
Promoter
A particular polypeptide is 100 AA long. How many RNA nucleotides does the ribosome “read” to build this polypeptide?
303
Which of the following best describes the events that occur at the ribosome during translation elongation?
tRNA binds codon → Peptide bonds form → ribosome shifts over
Which tRNA below is the correct one to recognize the mRNA codon (UUC)
D
Each mRna is only read by one ribosome, producing one copy of the polypeptide. T or F
False
The original RNA transcribed from a particular gene is 12,146nt. The mature mRNA is 3,861nt. Why?
Introns are spliced out in the nucleus
Which of the following statements about the DNA in one of your brain cells is true?
It has the same sequence as Dna in one of your heart cells
Muscle cells differ from nerve cells mainly because they…
express different genes
The netrin gene is expressed in neuron cells, but not liver cells. What could explain this?
Different transcription factors functioning in neuronal and liver cells
