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What are some unacceptable methods of euthanasia?
-an animal experiencing any form of pain before it is unconscious -consider what happens to the carcass (don't give cardiotoxic drugs if that animal is being fed to another animal)
Is euthanasia safe for handlers?
not necessarily; it comes with a lot of risks
What should you do if a worker doesn't want to do euthanasia, especially in the case of healthy animals somewhere like a shelter setting?
honor their wishes if possible
Are fetuses conscious in the womb?
no
What is bad about inhaled anesthetics for euthanasia?
-expense -require a lot of anesthetic -risking personnel exposure
What is characteristic of stage B1 of cardiovascular disease?
a murmur, no past or present clinical signs of heart enlargement or failure
Does liver disease predispose a patient to hypoalbuminemia?
yes
What induction agent is good for patients with adrenal disease?
don't use etomiodate?
Which blood value is low for a patient about to have a c-section?
hematocrit
What happens when you put a c-section patient in dorsal?
blood pressure will drop because of pressure on the caudal vena cava and aorta
What is not an appropriate way to stimulate breathing in neonates?
slinging them
Why should you tilt the head down in patients with a diaphragmatic hernia?
we don't want more abdominal contents to end up in the thorax
What happens in chronic diaphragmatic hernia cases when we try to re-inflate the lung?
reexpansion pulmonary edema
Why do GDV patients have shortness of breath?
the pressure of their stomach pushing on the diaphragm
What is the formula for blood volume of a dog?
90 ml/kg
How can you avoid anesthesia machine misuse?
-get proper training -familiarize yourself with machines -do a leak test/correctly set up machine -do regular maintenance
What does a leak test tell you?
If you have assembled the machine correctly
What are some signs of hypercapnia?
decreased PaO2, tachycardia
What could you cause with a closed pop off valve?
pneumothorax and pnuemomedistinum
What drugs treat bradycardia?
anticholinergics
What can cause ET tube blockage?
mucus, kinks in the tube
What does fasting a horse prior to anesthesia accomplish?
decreases pressure on the major abdominal vessels with less cranial displacement of the diaphragm
What could regurgitation cause?
aspiration pneumonia
What drug for muscle relaxation?
midazolam
Do you titrate to induce horses?
no; give the whole dose as a bolus
What CRI do you want to stop 30 minutes prior to ending surgery?
lidocaine
What are the components of trip drip?
guaifenesin, ketamine, and xylazine
What is a sign of decreased anesthetic depth in horses?
nystagmus
Can horses have a palpebral reflex under anesthesia?
yes
What value do we need to keep the MAP above in horses?
70 mm Hg
Is regurgitation common in ruminants under anesthesia?
yes
What drug is associated with penile prolapse in bulls and should be avoided?
acepromazine
What can guaifenesin greater than 5% cause?
can lead to hemolysis
Are pigs easy to intubate?
no
What are common causes of malignant hyperthermia?
-genetic mutation that might be present -pietran, landrace, spotted, large white, hampshire, and poland-china breeds -can be induced by stress and injectable and/or inhalant anesthetics
What are the clinical signs of malignant hyperthermia?
-muscle rigidity -rapid rise in temperature -hypercapnia -hyperkalemia -death
review calculations
Which of the following statements regarding physical examination findings is incorrect?
A dog with a body condition score of 8/9 will require more anesthetic per unit body weight than a dog of the same breed with a body condition score of 5/9.
What describes a stuporous state?
sleeplike state, only aroused by painful stimuli
What describes a patient that is 8-10% dehydrated?
5-10 second skin tent, dry MM, 2-3 second CRT
What does a high PCV mean?
dehydration
review ASA status definitions
What fluid type should be used for moderate dehydration?
isotonic crystalloids
Which of the following statements regarding electrolyte composition of fluids is incorrect?
Intravascular fluid has more negatively charged particles than positively charged particles.
Which of the following general guidelines about body fluids in a normal adult animal is incorrect?
About 40% of the body weight is water.
Regarding fluid infusion rates, which of the following is TRUE:
Surgery patients with blood loss may require colloids instead of crystalloids.
Local anesthetic agents work because:
They interfere with the movement of sodium ions
When a local anesthetic is injected around a single major nerve, the procedure is referred to as a(n):
infiltration nerve blocking
Local anesthetics block transmission of nerve impulses from:
Sensory, motor, and autonomic neurons
What local anesthetic has the shortest duration?
lidocaine
What local anesthetic can also be used IV?
lidocaine
What block would need to be used for a radial/ulnar fracture?
brachial plexus block
What block would we use for a TPLO procedure?
lumbosacral epidural
For intercostal blocks, what aspect of the rib do you walk the needle off?
the caudal aspect
What can high doses of opioids cause?
bradycardia and respiratory depression
How would you treat severe bradycardia caused by dexmetitomidine?
atipamizole
How are opioids reveresed?
naloxone
Propofol sometimes causes transient apnea. To avoid this, the anesthetist should:
titrate this drug in several boluses
What are examples of dissociatvies?
ketamine and telazol
Effects that are commonly seen after administration of a dissociative include:
Increased blood pressure, increased heart rate, increased CSF pressured, and increased intraocular pressure
What is are examples of alpha 2 agonists?
dexmeditomidine, xylazine, and detomidine
Characteristic effects of the benzodiazepines include:
muscle relaxation and minimal effect on the cardiovascular system
An ovariohysterectomy, which involves surgically incis- ing the skin and abdominal wall and excising the uterus and ovaries, has what components of pain:
somatic and visceral
The process by which thermal, mechanical, or chemical noxious stimuli are converted into electrical signals called action potentials is:
transduction
In the spinal cord, pain impulses can be altered by neurons that either suppress or amplify nerve impulses. This process is known as:
modulation
Which of the following statements regarding multimodal analgesic therapy is true?
The dose of each drug is decreased when several drugs are used.
True or False: A pain scale can be used to assess pain as well as response to analgesic therapy.
true
Which of the following drug combinations is an example of multimodal analgesic therapy?
dexmetitomidine, xylazine, and ketamine
What is the correct order of the pain pathway?
transduction, transmission, modulation, and perception
What does low solubility in an anesthetic drug mean?
it results in rapid changes in depth and fast recovery
What are some side effects of inhalant anesthetics?
-dose related CNS depression -hypothermia -paddling, vocalizing, etc. during recovery (emergence delirium) -variations in heart rate -vasodilation (hypotension) -decreased cardiac output -decreased tissue perfusion -hypoventilation, hypercarbia, respiratory arrest
Which of the following has the lowest blood-gas partition coefficient?
sevoflourine
know the location of arytenoid cartilages based a picture
Which of the following statements concerning endotracheal intubation is false?
Choosing a tube that is too short may cause increased mechanical dead space.
What complications can arise if the ET tube is too small where a seal can't be created?
-difficulty maintaining anesthetic depth -pollution of workplace with anesthetic gas -aspiration of stomach contents
What reflex should we wait for before extubating?
swallowing
What is considered hyptension in small animals?
below 60 mm Hg
What is considered hypoxemia?
below 80 mm Hg
What does a pulse oximeter measure?
Estimates oxygen/hemoglobin saturation
What is the normal ETCO2 range?
35-45 mmHg
know how to calculate the paper speed for ECG
Which arrhythmia is a prolonged P-R interval with no missing QRS complexes?
first degree AV block
Which arrhythmia is a wide, fast, bizzare QRS complex?
ventricular tachycardia
What drug do we use to treat v tach?
lidocaine
The vaporizer is located in what pressure zone?
low pressure zone
How do you determine whether or not to use a rebreathing or non-rebreathing system for your patient?
weight- <5 kgs needs non-rebreathing
Where is the tip of the laryngoscope placed during intubation?
the base of the epiglottis
In what order does O2 flow through the anesthesia machine?
compressed gas supply-> flowmeter->vaporizer ->patient-> CO2 absorber->scavenge system
What indicates the amount of gas flow to the vaporizer and common gas outlet?
flowmeter
What do unidirectional valves do?
they control the direction of gas flow through the rebreathing circuit as the patient breathes
What does the pop-off valve do?
allows excess carrier and anesthetic gases to exit from the breathing system and enter the scavenging system
The pressure manometer on the machine shouldn't excess what in small animals?
20 cm H20
know how to calculate E tank pressure in L and how many hours would be left
When should you not push the oxygen flush valve?
never while a patient is attached to the machine
What does sodasorb do?
absorb CO2
be able to identify parts of an anesthesia machine from pictures