Module 3: Plant Cell

Cell

Smallest living unit discovered by Robert Hooke in 1665.

Robert Hooke

discovered cells from a cork; Father of Cytology

Eukaryotic Cell

Cells with nuclei; "eu" means well or good, "karyon" means nucleus.

Prokaryotic Cell

Cells without nuclei; "pro" means before, "karyon" means nucleus.

Cell Theory

All biological organisms are composed of cells, cells are the unit of life, and all life comes from preexisting life.

Matthias Schleiden

Stated in 1838 that all plants are composed of cells and discovered the nucleolus.

Theodor Schwann

Stated in 1839 that all animals are composed of cells, thus all living things are composed of cells.

Rudolf Virchow

Claimed in 1858 that all cells come from pre-existing cells.

Cytology

Study of the structure and function of cells;

Plant Cell

Basic building block of plant life, eukaryotic with a true nucleus and organelles.

Cell Wall

Outermost part of the plant cell, composed mainly of cellulose.

Cellulose

structural carbohydrate and considered a complex sugar because it is used in both protection and structure.

plasmodesmata

Sub-organelle of the cell wall

Cytoplasm

"Cell Jello," present within the cell membrane, contains organelles and is responsible for cell shape.

Cytoskeleton

Framework involved in cell movement, maintaining shape, and internal motility.

Microtubules

Large tubular structures made of tubulin, involved in chromosome movement during cell division.

cilia & flagella

Part of structure of microtubules

MICROFILAMENTS

made from G-actin protein

Microbodies

Small organelles with specialized enzymes, including peroxisomes, glyoxisomes, and lysosomes.

Lysosome

Organelle containing digestive enzymes, found only in animal cells.

Peroxisome

Membrane-bound packets of oxidative enzymes, important for plant survival in hot conditions.

PHOTORESPIRATION

process of takin in oxygen and releasing carbon dioxide in response to light

Glyoxisome

Converts fatty acids to sugar for respiration, important during seed germination.

Endoplasmic Reticulum

System of membrane-bound channels for material transport and protein modification.

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

Lacks ribosomes, synthesizes lipids and phospholipids.

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

Contains ribosomes, synthesizes proteins.

Ribosomes

Dense granules involved in protein synthesis, can be free or attached to the endoplasmic reticulum.

Mitochondria

Double-layered organelle known as the "powerhouse of the cell," performs cellular respiration.

CRISTAE

Inside folds of the Mitochondria

ATP

Adenosine Triphosphate, energy currency of the cell.

Plastids

Organelles in various shapes, including chloroplasts, involved in photosynthesis.

Chloroplast

Green plastids

Leucoplast

Colorless plastids

amyloplast

Leucoplast involved in storage of starch

elaioplast

Leucoplast involved in storage of oil

aleuroplast

Leucoplast involved in air storage of proteins

Chromoplast

Plastids with red and yellow pigments called Carotenoids

Golgi Bodies (dictyosomes)

Packaging and transport areas for proteins, composed of flattened vesicles.

Camilo Golgi

Discovered Golgi Bodies

Cell Membrane (Plasmalemma)

Selectively permeable membrane that protects the cell and regulates substance entry and exit.

Plasmodesma

Holes in the cell wall allowing nutrient entry and waste exit, facilitating chemical communication. Chemical Communication

Nucleus

Command center of the cell, stores DNA, surrounded by the nuclear envelope.

nuclear pore

which allow molecules with the appropriate nuclear import and export signals in and out of the nucleus.

Nuclear Envelope

Membrane surrounding the nucleus, regulates substance passage.

Nucleoplasm

aka Nuclear sap; Fluid portion of the nucleus.

Chromatin

Material within the nucleoplasm, visible during cell division.

Chromosomes

Condensed chromatin strands containing genes that determine hereditary characteristics.

Nucleolus

Largest structure in the nucleus, assembles ribosomes.

Vacuole

Aqueous solution-filled structure for maintaining cell structure and storage.

Cell Sap

Fluid in the vacuole containing sugars, organic acids, and proteins.

Stomata

Tiny openings for gas exchange, primarily on the underside of leaves.

Guard Cells

Control water loss by regulating stomata opening and closing.

Chlorophyll

Green pigment in chloroplasts responsible for photosynthesis.

Anthocyanin

Pigment in vacuoles that gives color to certain plant cells.

Cell Division

Process where a parent cell divides to form two daughter cells.

Cell Cycle

Series of events where cells divide, consisting of interphase and mitosis.

Interphase

Period where chromosomes are not visible; includes G1, S, and G2 phases.

GI

growth or gap one; lengthy period after the nucleus divides; RNA are ribosomes are produced & cell increase in size

S- synthesis

DNA replication takes place

G2

(growth or gap two) mitochondria & other organelles divide; microtubules are produced; coiling & condensation of chromosomes begin

Mitosis

Process where one cell divides into two twin daughter cells, occurring in meristematic tissues.

Cytokinesis

Division of the cytoplasm, forming two new cells.

Prophase

nuclear envelope breakdown, chromosome condensation, spindle formation.

Metaphase

chromosomes are lined up precisely on the metaphase plate, or middle of the cell.

Anaphase

spindle pulls sister chromatids apart.

Telophase

chromatids begin to decondense and become chromatin. Spindle disappears.

Cleavage furrow

Shows the splitting of the cell

Meiosis

Type of cell division that reduces chromosome number in gametes. Dissimilar 4 daughter cells