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Cell
Smallest living unit discovered by Robert Hooke in 1665.
Robert Hooke
discovered cells from a cork; Father of Cytology
Eukaryotic Cell
Cells with nuclei; "eu" means well or good, "karyon" means nucleus.
Prokaryotic Cell
Cells without nuclei; "pro" means before, "karyon" means nucleus.
Cell Theory
All biological organisms are composed of cells, cells are the unit of life, and all life comes from preexisting life.
Matthias Schleiden
Stated in 1838 that all plants are composed of cells and discovered the nucleolus.
Theodor Schwann
Stated in 1839 that all animals are composed of cells, thus all living things are composed of cells.
Rudolf Virchow
Claimed in 1858 that all cells come from pre-existing cells.
Cytology
Study of the structure and function of cells;
Plant Cell
Basic building block of plant life, eukaryotic with a true nucleus and organelles.
Cell Wall
Outermost part of the plant cell, composed mainly of cellulose.
Cellulose
structural carbohydrate and considered a complex sugar because it is used in both protection and structure.
plasmodesmata
Sub-organelle of the cell wall
Cytoplasm
"Cell Jello," present within the cell membrane, contains organelles and is responsible for cell shape.
Cytoskeleton
Framework involved in cell movement, maintaining shape, and internal motility.
Microtubules
Large tubular structures made of tubulin, involved in chromosome movement during cell division.
cilia & flagella
Part of structure of microtubules
MICROFILAMENTS
made from G-actin protein
Microbodies
Small organelles with specialized enzymes, including peroxisomes, glyoxisomes, and lysosomes.
Lysosome
Organelle containing digestive enzymes, found only in animal cells.
Peroxisome
Membrane-bound packets of oxidative enzymes, important for plant survival in hot conditions.
PHOTORESPIRATION
process of takin in oxygen and releasing carbon dioxide in response to light
Glyoxisome
Converts fatty acids to sugar for respiration, important during seed germination.
Endoplasmic Reticulum
System of membrane-bound channels for material transport and protein modification.
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
Lacks ribosomes, synthesizes lipids and phospholipids.
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
Contains ribosomes, synthesizes proteins.
Ribosomes
Dense granules involved in protein synthesis, can be free or attached to the endoplasmic reticulum.
Mitochondria
Double-layered organelle known as the "powerhouse of the cell," performs cellular respiration.
CRISTAE
Inside folds of the Mitochondria
ATP
Adenosine Triphosphate, energy currency of the cell.
Plastids
Organelles in various shapes, including chloroplasts, involved in photosynthesis.
Chloroplast
Green plastids
Leucoplast
Colorless plastids
amyloplast
Leucoplast involved in storage of starch
elaioplast
Leucoplast involved in storage of oil
aleuroplast
Leucoplast involved in air storage of proteins
Chromoplast
Plastids with red and yellow pigments called Carotenoids
Golgi Bodies (dictyosomes)
Packaging and transport areas for proteins, composed of flattened vesicles.
Camilo Golgi
Discovered Golgi Bodies
Cell Membrane (Plasmalemma)
Selectively permeable membrane that protects the cell and regulates substance entry and exit.
Plasmodesma
Holes in the cell wall allowing nutrient entry and waste exit, facilitating chemical communication. Chemical Communication
Nucleus
Command center of the cell, stores DNA, surrounded by the nuclear envelope.
nuclear pore
which allow molecules with the appropriate nuclear import and export signals in and out of the nucleus.
Nuclear Envelope
Membrane surrounding the nucleus, regulates substance passage.
Nucleoplasm
aka Nuclear sap; Fluid portion of the nucleus.
Chromatin
Material within the nucleoplasm, visible during cell division.
Chromosomes
Condensed chromatin strands containing genes that determine hereditary characteristics.
Nucleolus
Largest structure in the nucleus, assembles ribosomes.
Vacuole
Aqueous solution-filled structure for maintaining cell structure and storage.
Cell Sap
Fluid in the vacuole containing sugars, organic acids, and proteins.
Stomata
Tiny openings for gas exchange, primarily on the underside of leaves.
Guard Cells
Control water loss by regulating stomata opening and closing.
Chlorophyll
Green pigment in chloroplasts responsible for photosynthesis.
Anthocyanin
Pigment in vacuoles that gives color to certain plant cells.
Cell Division
Process where a parent cell divides to form two daughter cells.
Cell Cycle
Series of events where cells divide, consisting of interphase and mitosis.
Interphase
Period where chromosomes are not visible; includes G1, S, and G2 phases.
GI
growth or gap one; lengthy period after the nucleus divides; RNA are ribosomes are produced & cell increase in size
S- synthesis
DNA replication takes place
G2
(growth or gap two) mitochondria & other organelles divide; microtubules are produced; coiling & condensation of chromosomes begin
Mitosis
Process where one cell divides into two twin daughter cells, occurring in meristematic tissues.
Cytokinesis
Division of the cytoplasm, forming two new cells.
Prophase
nuclear envelope breakdown, chromosome condensation, spindle formation.
Metaphase
chromosomes are lined up precisely on the metaphase plate, or middle of the cell.
Anaphase
spindle pulls sister chromatids apart.
Telophase
chromatids begin to decondense and become chromatin. Spindle disappears.
Cleavage furrow
Shows the splitting of the cell
Meiosis
Type of cell division that reduces chromosome number in gametes. Dissimilar 4 daughter cells
