MMBIO 221 exam1

Antoni van Leeuwenhoek

First person to see bacteria using a very simple microscope.

John Snow

Pioneer of epidemiology; studied the cholera epidemic.

Edward Jenner

Developed the smallpox vaccine using cowpox.

Francesco Redi

Disproved spontaneous generation with the experiment involving flies and meat; considered the father of the scientific method.

Alexander Fleming

Discovered penicillin.

Joseph Lister

Introduced asepsis using phenol mists.

Robert Koch

Cultivated bacteria on solid media (agar) and used Petri dishes and staining techniques.

Selman Waksman

Discovered streptomycin.

Aristotle

First to propose the theory of spontaneous generation.

Christian Gram

Developed the first differential stain.

Louis Pasteur

Disproved spontaneous generation with swan-necked flasks; developed the rabies vaccine.

Ignaz Semmelweis

Promoted asepsis through handwashing in obstetric patients.

Paul Ehrlich

Sought a 'magic bullet' to kill pathogens without harming the host.

Glycocalyx

A sugary (polysaccharide) substance on the outer surface of a cell, includes capsule and slime layer.

Cell Membrane

Composed of phospholipids and proteins; semi-permeable.

Flagella

Structures responsible for bacterial movement, made of flagellin and tubulin.

Axial Filament

Found in spirochetes; responsible for movement.

Fimbriae

Hair-like structures that aid in attachment and biofilm formation.

Pili

Hair-like structures that facilitate conjugation between bacteria.

Peptidoglycan

Provides structural support to bacterial cell walls.

Capsule

A type of glycocalyx that is firmly attached to the cell.

Endospore

A resistant, ametabolic structure formed by some bacteria for survival.

Ribosomes

Cellular structures where protein synthesis occurs.

Chloroplasts

Organelles responsible for light harvesting in plants; linked to the endosymbiotic theory.

Mitochondrion

Organelle involved in ATP generation; associated with the endosymbiotic theory.

Diffusion

The simple movement of molecules across a membrane following the concentration gradient.

Facilitated Diffusion

Movement of molecules across a membrane through a protein channel.

Osmosis

The movement of water across a membrane following the concentration gradient.

Uniport

The movement of one molecule in one direction.

Antiport

The movement of two different molecules in two different directions.

Symport

The simultaneous movement of two molecules in the same direction.

Group Translocation

The process where a molecule moving across the membrane is chemically modified at the same time.

Bright-field

A microscopy technique where dark specimens are observed against a bright background.

Dark-field

A microscopy technique where light/pale/thin specimens are seen against a dark background.

Phase contrast

A microscopy technique that allows visualization of different phases of specimens, increasing resolution.

Differential Interference

A type of phase contrast microscopy.

Fluorescent

Microscopy technique using fluorescent tags to visualize parts of or whole specimens.

Confocal

A high-resolution microscopy technique that blocks out-of-focus light using a focal point.

Electron Microscopy

Uses electrons to visualize specimens; includes scanning and transmission methods for very small specimens.

Resolution

The minimum distance at which two distinct objects can be seen as separate.

Empty Magnification

Increasing magnification without enhancing resolution.

Gram Staining

A method to classify bacteria based on their cell wall types; distinguishes between purple and pink stains.

Endospore Staining

A method for identifying the presence of endospores; typically red and green stains used.

Acid-fast Staining

A staining technique used to identify mycolic acid presence; results in blue and pink staining.

Flagellar Staining

A method to observe the presence of flagella.

Capsule Staining

A technique to visualize capsules using negative staining.

Simple Staining

Using a single stain to visualize the presence of cells.

Differential Staining

A technique to differentiate between various species and structures based on staining.

Aerobic Respiration

A type of cellular respiration where oxygen is the terminal electron acceptor.

Anaerobic Respiration

Cellular respiration where any other substance besides oxygen is the terminal electron acceptor.

Substrate-level Phosphorylation

A process that occurs during glycolysis and the Krebs Cycle.

Oxidative Phosphorylation

A process that occurs exclusively during the electron transport chain.

Defined Media

Growth media with known exact chemical composition.

Complex Media

Growth media containing extracts or hydrolysates of proteins with unknown exact composition.

Differential Media

Media that alters microbial growth characteristics based on specific substances, leading to observable changes.

Selective Media

Media with added ingredients to favor the growth of certain microbes while inhibiting others.

Enriched Media

Growth media where specific nutrients are added to support growth.

Mesophiles

Organisms that grow best at moderate temperatures, such as room temperature and 37°C.

Psychrophiles

Microorganisms that thrive in cooler temperatures.

Thermo/Hyperthermophiles

Organisms that prefer hot and extremely hot temperatures.

Neutrophiles

Microorganisms that grow best in neutral pH environments.

Acidophiles

Organisms that thrive in acidic pH environments.

Alkalinophiles

Microorganisms that prefer basic or alkaline pH environments.

Barophiles

Organisms that thrive in high-pressure environments.

Capnophiles

Microorganisms that grow best in high carbon dioxide concentrations.

Halophiles

Organisms that thrive in high salt concentrations.

Lag Phase

The initial growth phase where bacteria synthesize proteins and enzymes; growth is minimal.

Log Phase

The exponential growth phase where bacteria reproduce rapidly via binary fission.

Stationary Phase

The phase where bacterial growth levels off; bacteria are neither growing nor dying rapidly.

Death Phase

The phase where nutrients are depleted, leading to bacterial die-off.