MMBIO 221 exam1

  • Antoni van Leeuwenhoek - first person to see bacteria, very simple microscope

  • John Snow - epidemiology and the cholera epidemic

  • Edward Jenner - smallpox vaccine using cowpox

  • Francesco Redi - disproved spontaneous generation with flies from meat, father of scientific method

  • Alexander Fleming - discovered penicillin

  • Joseph Lister - asepsis with phenol mists

  • Robert Koch - cultivation of bacteria on solid media (agar) as well as Petri dishes and staining

  • Selman Waksman - discovered streptomycin

  • Aristotle - first to propose spontaneous generation theory

  • Christian Gram - first differential stain

  • Louis Pasteur - disproved spontaneous generation with swan-necked flasks, rabies vaccine

  • Ignaz Semmelweis - asepsis by handwashing in obstetric patients

  • Paul Ehrlich - looked for a “magic bullet” to kill pathogen and not harm host

  • Glycocalyx - sugary (polysaccharide) substance on very outside, capsule and slime layer, “sweet/sugar” cup!

  • Cell Membrane - phospholipids and proteins, semi-permeable

  • Flagella - responsible for movement, flagellin and tubulin. Different arrangements (monotrichous, peritrichous, etc.)

  • Axial Filament - found in spirochetes, endoflagella

  • Fimbriae - helpful for attachment and biofilms

  • Pili - conjugation!

  • Peptidoglycan - what gives structure to bacterial cell walls

  • Capsule - type of glycocalyx firmly attached to cell

  • Endospore - survival mode, resistant to basically everything and ametabolic

  • Ribosomes - where protein synthesis occurs

  • Chloroplasts - light harvesting in plants, part of endosymbiotic theory

  • Mitochondrion - ATP generation, part of endosymbiotic theory

  • Diffusion - simple movement of molecules across a membrane following the concentration gradient

  • Facilitated Diffusion - movement of molecules across a membrane through a protein channel

  • Osmosis - movement of water following the concentration gradient

  • Uniport - movement of one thing in one direction

  • Antiport - movement of two different things in two different directions

  • Symport - two things moving in the same direction

  • Group Translocation - thing moving across the membrane is chemically modified at the same time

  • Bright-field - dark specimen against a dark background

  • Dark-field - light/pale/thin specimen against dark background

  • Phase contrast - allows us to see different phases of specimens, increases resolution

    • Differential Interference - type of phase contrast

  • Fluorescent - use fluorescent tags to visualize parts of or whole specimens

  • Confocal - greatly increases resolution, blocks out-of-focus light using focal point

  • Electron - use electrons to visualize, scanning and transmission, see incredibly small specimens

  • Resolution - the closest distance we can see two distinct objects, how close we can see two things and see them as separate

  • Empty Magnification - increasing magnification without increasing resolution

  • Gram - looking for types of bacterial cell walls, purple and pink

  • Endospore - looking for presence of endospores, red and green

  • Acid-fast - looking for presence of mycolic acid, blue and pink

  • Flagellar - looking for presence of flagella

  • Capsule - looking for presence of capsules, negative stain

  • Simple - using one stain to visualize anything that’s there

  • Differential - differentiating between different species and structures

  • Aerobic Respiration - cellular respiration where oxygen is the terminal electron acceptor

    Anaerobic Respiration - cellular respiration where anything but oxygen is terminal electron acceptor

    Substrate-level Phosphorylation - glycolysis and Krebs Cycle only (fermentation depending on how he words it!)

    Oxidative Phosphorylation - ETC only

    Processes to be familiar with: glycolysis, fermentation, intermediate step, Krebs Cycle, electron transport chain

  • Defined - we know exactly what’s in there and how much (exact chemical composition is known)

  • Complex - exact chemical composition is unknown because they contain extracts of hydrolysates of beef, soy, or milk proteins

  • Differential - microbes will grow differently based on certain substances in the media (color changes, hemolysis, etc.) 

  • Selective - ingredients are added to favor the growth of some and inhibit the growth of others

  • Enriched - nutrients are specifically added (like blood or serum) to help everything grow

  • Mesophiles - grow best in medium temperature (room temp and 37C)

  • Psychrophiles - grow best in cooler temperatures

  • Thermo/Hyperthermophiles - grow best in hot and REALLY hot temperatures

  • Neutrophiles - grow best in a neutral pH

  • Acidophiles - grow best in an acidic pH

  • Alkalinophiles - grow best in a basic/alkaline pH

  • Barophiles - grow best in environments with high pressure

  • Capnophiles - grow best in high CO2 environments

  • Halophiles - grow best in high salt concentrations

  • Lag - bacteria are growing and synthesizing necessary proteins and enzymes for reproduction; growth is minimal

  • Log - bacteria grow at an exponential rate, multiplying rapidly via binary fission

  • Stationary - bacterial growth steadies out and bacteria are neither growing or dying rapidly

  • Death - environment has been stripped of necessary nutrients and bacteria begin to die