Reconstruction

South

Region developing a culture reliant on cotton and slave labor.

Economy of the South

Relied on cotton and slave labor.

Slavery's role in Southern culture

Slavery became deeply integrated into the culture of the South.

States' rights

The principle that states have authority over the federal government.

Nullification

The right of a state to invalidate federal law.

North's industrialization

The North transformed into an industrial economy.

Unskilled and immigrant workers

The North's workforce consisted largely of unskilled laborers and immigrants.

Abolitionist movement

A movement advocating for the end of slavery.

Civil War (1861-1865)

Conflict resulting in the South's defeat and the end of slavery.

Impact of the Civil War

Changed Southern economy, culture, infrastructure, and political life.

Lincoln's 10% Plan

Lincoln's proposal to reunite the nation, allowing states to rejoin if 10% of voters took an oath of allegiance.

Congressional rejection of Lincoln's plan

Congress rejected Lincoln's 10% Plan, believing it was too lenient.

Wade-Davis Plan

A Congressional plan requiring a majority of white males to take an oath for states to rejoin.

'Iron Clad' oath

A requirement that confederates affirm they did not support the Confederacy.

Lincoln's pocket veto

Lincoln's method of indirectly blocking legislation by not signing it before Congress adjourned.

Andrew Johnson

Lincoln's running mate and successor as president from the South.

Johnson's plan for Reconstruction

Offered pardons to most southerners, disregarding economic thresholds.

Economic hardship in the South

Post-war economic struggles allowed old planter class to regain power.

Black Codes

Laws enacted to limit the freedoms of African Americans.

Impeachment process

House investigates and brings charges, Senate acts as jury.

Tenure of Office Act (1867)

Required presidential approval to remove cabinet members.

Charges against Johnson

Eleven charges including violations of the Tenure of Office Act.

Black and white Republicans in the South

Black voters were 80% of Republican voters but underrepresented in office.

Southern state reforms

Included political equality but largely ignored social equality.

Corruption during Reconstruction

Rampant political corruption and rising state debts.

Sharecropping

A system where former slaves worked land for former owners, often in exploitative conditions.

Freedman's Bureau

Established to assist formerly enslaved individuals; disbanded in 1872.

Grant's presidency

Marked by scandals and the passage of the 15th Amendment.

Civil Rights Act of 1875

Prohibited racial discrimination in public spaces, later struck down by the Supreme Court.

Rise of the Ku Klux Klan

Aimed to suppress African American advancements in the South.

Ku Klux Klan Act

Legislation to protect African Americans from violence; part of the Enforcement Acts.

Election of 1876

Contested election leading to the end of Reconstruction.

Compromise of 1877

Agreement that led to Hayes's presidency and withdrawal of troops from the South.

Post-Reconstruction South

Established segregation and restricted voting rights for African Americans.

Grandfather clauses

Laws that allowed individuals to bypass literacy tests and poll taxes if their grandfathers had been eligible to vote.

Sharecropping system

Economic arrangement keeping former slaves tied to plantations.