ap chem chapter 2 and 6 (electronic structure of atoms)

(electronic structure of atoms)

atomic weight

The weighted average mass of an element's isotopes, measured in atomic mass units (amu). It reflects the relative abundance of each isotope.

atomic weight equals

(mass x abundance) + (mass x abundance) + …

mass number equals

all the protons and neutrons

for a neutral atom, the number of protons (atomic number) equals

the number of electrons

isotope notation

top left = mass number

bottom left = atomic number

if one isotope of an element has the majority of percent abundance, then

the atomic weight of the element should be closest to the mass of that isotope

Electromagnetic Radiation

the Wave-like motion of energy through space

all light and Electromagnetic Radiation moves at…

the speed of light ( which is c) = 3x10⁸ m/s

Wavelength (λ)

Distance from 1 peak in a wave to the next peak

Frequency (ν or nu)

How many wavelengths pass a point in a second

amplitude

half the height of the largest wave

visible light is from wavelengths of

400 nm to 750 nm (violet to red; opposite rainbow order)

metric conversions

TGMKHDaBDCM(micro)NP (12, 9, 6, 3, 2,1, 0, -1,-2,-3,-6,-9,-12)

max plank said that when solids are heated, they

emit radiation

max plank said that energies were emitted (from heated objects) or absorbed came in discrete bundles called

quanta

in rutherford’s nuclear-atom model,

the heavy subatomic particles (protons and neutrons) reside in the nucleus

rutherford gold foil exp

led to discovery of nucleus (which disproved the plum pudding model)

with only knowing the atomic number ( the amount of protons) of an element, you can find the…

mass number

the first number in isotope form is…

the mass number

all the orbitals in a given subshell have the same values of ___ quantum numbers

azimuthal (L) and magnetic (ML)

excluding s orbitals, most magnetic quantum of any electron (in any subshell) are in the…

multiples

orbital

probability of where electrons are?

excluding n = 1 shells, all other shells contain ___ p orbitals

3

electronic anomalies for transition metals (d block)…

colums Cu and Cr

aufbau principle

lowest energy orbitals are filled first

orbitals can only contain a max of…

2 electrons

hund’s rule

when degenerate orbitals (those of identical energy) are avaliable, electrons enter these orbitals singly, b4 any spin pairing takes place

pauli exclusion principle

when 2 electrons enter the same orbital they must have opposite spins (+1/2 or -1/2) so that each electron has a unique set of quantum numbers

Cr and Cu achieve extra stability by forming…

half and completely filled d sub shells