HIST 1301 - Test 3

Articles of Confederation

Functioned more as a "League of Friendship" than an effective government, with powers to direct foreign policy, conduct wars, and issue currency.

Shays' Rebellion

Led by Daniel Shays, a taxpayer revolt in Massachusetts that raised fears of further uprisings due to economic grievances.

Constitutional Convention

Meeting in Philadelphia with key plans like the Virginia Plan for a bicameral legislature and the New Jersey Plan for a unicameral legislature.

Three-fifths Compromise

Agreement where every 5 slaves counted as 3 voters, with the Constitution avoiding the term "slave" and using euphemisms like "person."

Federalists

Supported the Constitution, led by Washington and Franklin, favoring a strong central government.

Hamilton's Credit Plan

1. Create a National Debt

2. Do that by assuming all revolutionary war debts

3. Create a National Bank to handle it all (debts, credits, revenue)

   (Hamilton believed in future American industrialization).

Whiskey Rebellion

A tax protest in Pennsylvania testing the U.S. Constitution's ability to handle domestic unrest.

Washington's Farewell Address

1. Preserve the Nations Good Credit.

2. Avoid permanent alliance U.S. interest take precedence over all others.

3. Above all focus on unity.

Alien & Sedition Acts

• Naturalization Act / Alien Enemies Act / Sedition Act

• Laws passed to silence opposition, restrict foreign-born Americans.

• Designed to silence and weaken Jefferson Republican Party.

• Authorized the President to deport aliens and permitted their arrest, imprisonment, and deportation during wartime.

Marbury v Madison

• Marbury sued the Jefferson administration for his appointment letter.

• Case established a legal precedent called Judicial Review.

Louisiana Purchase

Jefferson's acquisition from France, a challenge for him as a strict Constructionist due to the lack of explicit constitutional authority.

Impressment

British practice of kidnapping American sailors to work on British Royal Navy Ships

Embargo Act of 1807

Attempt to keep American ships in port, causing economic depression.

War Hawks

Young Jeffersonian Republicans advocating for war, particularly to annex Canada, during the War of 1812.

Treaty of Ghent

Peace treaty ending the War of 1812, maintaining the pre-war status quo between Britain and the U.S.

• “Status quo ante beilum”: They way things were before the war.

Powers of the Articles

1. To direct national foreign policy

2. To direct the conduct of national wars

3. To borrow and print a national currency

Problems with the Articles

1. Could not regulate trade

2. Could not stop domestic insurrections

Virginia Plan

1. Bicameral legislature

2. Representation based on population

3. An executive branch (president)

New Jersey Plan

1. Unicameral legislature

2. Equal number of representatives

3. A judicial branch (supreme court, the most powerful)

Anti-Federalists

Against the Constitution

Federalist Papers

• James Madison. Alexander Hamilton. John Jay.

• Publius: Fake sign name.

Washington’s First Cabinet

• Vice President. John Adams.

• Secretary of War. Henry Knox.

• Attorney General. Edmund Randolph.

• Secretary of State. Thomas Jefferson.

• Secretary of Treasury. Alexander Hamilton.

Federalists (party)

• Hamilton’s party.

• Loose interpreters of the Constitution.

• Favored a centralized federal government.

Jeffersonian Republican

• Jefferson’s party.

• Strict interpreters of the Constitution.

• Favored a de-centralized smaller federal government.

Loose Constructionists

Believed congress has “implied powers” not specifically spelled out in the Constitution.

Strict Constructionists

Believed 10th Amendment reserves (any powers that are not specifically given are reserved to those respective states, or to the people at large).

Election of 1800

• Hamilton’s second attempt to rig the elections. Succeeded.

• Thomas Jefferson won. Aaron Burr VP.

Judicial Review

Presumed power of the Supreme Court to claim final word on whether any law is constitutional. The birth of judicial activism.

Judicial Activism

Creating law from the bench.

Chesapeake Incident

Raised the cry for a declaration of war against New Britain.

Miembros de la flota Inglesa colgaron a un desertor frente a numerosos Americanos.

HMS Leonard

British ship in the Chesapeake Incident.

Chesapeake

American ship in the Chesapeake Incident. Bad luck ship.

Burning of Washington, DC.

British task forces landed on coast of Maryland, marched, attacked and burned DC.

Battle of Fort McHenry

US fortress that defended Baltimore, MD, where Francis Scott Key penned The Star-Spangled Banner (US hymn).

Hartford Convention

• Connecticut.

• New England Federalist, angered by the decision to go to war, threatened to separate from the union (form their own country).

• Served to discredit and doomed the Federalists to irrelevancy.

Battle of New Orleans

The one truly decisive military victory for American forces in the war of 1812. Technically, the war was already over.

Election of 1796

• The Nation’s very first contested election.

• Hamilton rigged the election, but failed.

• Adams won. Jefferson became VP.

Jacobins

A violent authoritarian and intolerant group that took over the French Revolution; implemented the infamous “reign of terror”.

Quasi-War

The undeclared Naval War between the US and France (1798-1800)

XYZ Affair

Jacobin attempted to exhort money. Federalists exploded a bump in anti-French feelings.