Organic Chemistry Flashcards

Flashcards covering key vocabulary and concepts from the Organic Chemistry Lecture.

Carbonyls

Compounds with a C=O bond. They can be either aldehydes or ketones.

Aldehyde

Carbonyl in the end of the chain with an H attached.

Ketone

Carbonyl in the middle of the chain

hydrogen

Smaller carbonyls are soluble in water because they can form bonds with water.

permanent

Pure carbonyls cannot hydrogen bond, but bond instead by _ dipole forces.

polarised

The C=O bond is because O is more electronegative than carbon. The positive carbon atom attracts nucleophiles.

aldehydes

Primary alcohol oxidizes into and then into a carboxylic acid.

ketones

Secondary alcohol oxidizes into .

Tertiary alcohols

_ do not oxidize.

carboxylic acids

Key Point: Aldehydes can be oxidized to , but ketones cannot be oxidized.

carboxylic acid

Aldehyde + [O] ->

green

The orange dichromate ion (Cr2O7 2-) reduces to the Cr 3+ ion.

Fehling’s solution or Tollen’s Reagent

Aldehydes can also be oxidised using

Cu 2+

Fehling’s Solution contains blue _ ions.

silver mirror

With aldehydes, a forms coating the inside of the test tube when using Tollen’s Reagent.

alcohols

Reducing agents such as NaBH4 (sodium tetrahydridoborate) or LiAlH4 (lithium tetrahydridoaluminate) will reduce carbonyls to .

primary

Aldehydes will be reduced to alcohols.

secondary

Ketones will be reduced to alcohols.

hydroxynitrile

Reaction: carbonyl -> Reagent: HCN in presence of KCN

methyl

Only carbonyls with a group next to the C=O bond will do this reaction with iodine in presence of alkali .

Ethanal

is the only aldehyde that reacts with iodine in presence of alkali.

yellow

The product CHI3 from the reaction of carbonyls with iodine in presence of alkali is a crystalline precipitate with an antiseptic smell.

Iodoform test

What is the name of the test where carbonyls react with iodine in the presence of alkali?

orange

2,4-DNP reacts with both aldehydes and ketones. The product is an precipitate.

carbonyl

Use 2,4-DNP to identify if the compound is a _.

weak

The carboxylic acid are only acids in water and only slightly dissociate, but they are strong enough to displace carbon dioxide from carbonates.

carboxylic acid

Full Oxidation of Primary Alcohols Reaction: primary alcohol ->_ Reagent: potassium dichromate(VI) solution and dilute sulphuric acid

carboxylic acid

Reaction: Nitrile -> Reagent: dilute hydrochloric/ sulphuric acid.

hydrogen

acid + metal (Na) -> salt +

esters

Carboxylic acids react with alcohols, in the presence of a strong acid catalyst, to form and water.

strong

Lithium tetrahydridoaluminate (LiAlH4) is a reducing agent

methanoic

Carboxylic acids cannot be oxidised by using oxidising agents but acid is an exception as its structure has effectively an aldehyde group.

the reaction is between two negative ions

Reaction between MnO4 - and C2O4 2- is slow to begin with because .

sodium carbonate

Carboxylic acids are acidic enough to react with sodium, sodium hydroxide, and .

almost no

Alcohols have acidity.

reactive

Acyl Chlorides are much more than carboxylic acids

carboxylic acid

Reaction with water: acyl chloride ->_.

ester

Reaction with alcohol: acyl chloride ->_.

ester

Reaction with phenol: acyl chloride ->_.

primary amide

Reaction with ammonia: acyl chloride ->_.

secondary amide

Reaction with primary amines: acyl chloride ->_.

melting point

The of the crystal formed can be used to help identify which carbonyl was used.

NaBH4

Reducing agents such as will reduce carbonyls to alcohols.

Secondary

What type of alcohol are ketones reduced to?

red

Fehling’s Solution :Blue Cu 2+ ions in solution change to a precipitate of Cu2O.

methyl group

What needs to be present for the reaction of carbonyls with iodine?

reagent

What is used to differentiate an aldehyde from a ketone?

CHI3 crystalline precipitate with an antiseptic smell

What is the name of the product from the reaction of carbonyls with iodine?

salts

Carboxylic acids can form with metals, alkalis and carbonates.

Use 2,4-DNP

What do you use to identify if the compound is a carbonyl?

primary

What alcohol oxidizes into aldehydes then into caboxylic acid?

formed it

The bit ending in –yl comes from the alcohol that has _.

acid catalyst

What is the conditon for esterification?

tertiary

What halides form the most stable carbocations?

NH2

Primary amines contain the functional group

basic

Primary aliphatic amines do not form __solutions

halogenoalkanes

What is the first step to make a primary amine

sodium carbonate

Aromatic amines react with sodium metal and sodium hydroxide, but are not strong enough an acid to react with

observe misty fumes of HCl produced

What is used as a test for carboxylic acids with PCl5

neutral

Amides are

simple combination

Amides are _ molecules

amino acids

Proteins are polymers made from combinations of _

Amides

Proteins are neutral

negative

The reaction between MnO4 is? and C2O4 2- slow to begin with (as the reaction is between two _ ions)

NaBH4 (sodium tetrahydridoborate)

Which reagents will reduce carbonyls to alcohols ?

• 4 [H]

Carboxylic Acid + Alcohol? Ester + water

carboxylic acid

Full Oxidation of Primary Alcohols reaction; primary alcohol