Ch14- Evolution

Which of the three graphs shown in Figure 16-1 might show a population of birds with members that specialize in different types of food?

Graph C

Which graph in 16-1 shows directional selection?

Graph A

Which graph in 16-1 shows disruptive selection?

Graph C

Which graph in 16-1 shows stabilizing selection?

Graph B

Competition for resources plays a key role in natural selection. Use Figure 16-3 to determine if this explanation is the best way to explain the competition for food and its influence on the evolution of the large tree finch. Y/N: Because of the larger beak of the large tree finch, it can eat large insects, thus reducing competition.

Yes

Does Figure 16-3 show the formation of speciation?

Yes

In Figure 16-3, what is the best reason for all these birds to have different beaks?

The finches are in competition for mating and the size of their beak matters, they reduce competition by eating different food source

In Figure 15-3, based on the phenotype (looks) of each tortoise, determine which tortoise goes with its habitat.

hood 3, isabella 1, pinta 2

Based on Figure 16-2, what mechanism appears to keep bullfrogs reproductively isolated? (Keeps them from mating with other frog species)

Bullfrogs have different reproductive cycles

In Figure 16-2, when does the brief period which all frog mating nearly stops?

Mid may

Peeper frogs and leopard frogs do not interbreed even when they share a habitat. Do the mating rituals (croaking or behavior) keep the two species reproductively isolated?

Croaking is different

Scientists have never seen the ancient horses shown in Figure 15-2. Y/N: Is the main type of evidence scientists used to prepare these diagrams observing fossils? Would this evidence show markings or hide colors?

Yes but it wouldn’t show coloration

According to Figure 15-2, how did the overall body of the horse change during its evolution? What pprobably caused this change?

Larger body helped them survive better

T/F: Charles Darwin's observation that finches of different species on the Galapagos Islands have many similar physical characteristics supports the hypothesis that these finches originated from a common ancestor that was also a finch.

True

When a farmer breeds only his or her best livestock, the process involved is?

Artificial selection

The separation of populations by barriers such as rivers, mountains, or bodies of water is called?

Geographic isolation

T/F: The two main sources of genetic variation are genotypes and phenotypes.

False

Y/N: Do gene pools (assortment of genes from parents) typically have variation?

Yes

What is the result of natural selection? What does it show?

Natural selection shows the changes in the inherited characteristics of the next generation

When Lions prey on a herd of antelopes, some antelopes are killed and some escape. Which part of Darwin's concept of natural selection might be used to describe this situation?

Survival of the fittest

T/F: Genic drift is when individuals at only one end of a bell curve of phenotype frequencies have high fitness.

False

What is the result of organs in a species appearing or disappearing in Lamarck's theory of evolution?

The actions of the organisms as they use or disuse body structures

What is a gene pool?

The combined genetic information of all members of a particular population

T/F: Darwin realized that the economist Malthus's theory of population control could be generalized to any population of organisms.

True

T/F: Based on the adaptations Charles Darwin observed in finches and tortoises in the Galapagos, he wondered if all birds on the different islands were finches.

False

Darwin's theory of evolution suggests that…

Species can change overtime

Y/N: Does interbreeding among members of a population result in no changes in the relative frequencies of alleles (traits) in the gene pool?

Yes

What process has probably occurred in a population of finches in which one group of birds has a short, parrot like beak and another group has a long, narrow beak?

Disruptive selection

T/F: According to Darwin, an adaptation is an inherited characteristic that can be physical or geographical

False

Y/N: A polygenic trait can have many possible genotypes (types of genes), producing many possible phenotypes (looks).

Yes

Y/N: Did DNA help Darwin create his concept of evolution?

No

Although they often live in the same habitat, the American toad breeds earlier in the spring than they Fowler's toad does. What can be inferred from this information?

They do not interbreed because of reproductive isolation

What do farmers look for when selecting animals or plants to use for breeding?

Natural variations are present in species

Y/N: In Lamarck's theory of evolution, body structure can change according to the actions of the organism. Is this a major concept included in his theory?

Yes

T/F: Jean-Baptiste Lamarck proposed that organisms belong to species that never change.

False

What does natural selection act directly on?

Picking out the best qualities for survival

If a mutation introduces a new skin color in a lizard population, which factor(s) might determine whether the frequency of the new allele (trait) will increase? (think of dot lab)

Only if the mutation makes the lizard more fit

The species of finches that Charles Darwin found on the Galapagos Islands displayed different structural adaptations. What was one of the adaptations that Darwin noted?

Birds different with different shaped beaks

Where did Charles Darwin make many observations during his voyage on the Beagle?

Galapagos islands

T/F: The geographical isolation of two populations of a species tends to increase differences between their gene pools because it prevents cross breeding between the populations.

True

Y/N: Is mating random in allele frequencies of a population that are more likely to remain uncharged?

Yes

T/F: According to Darwin's theory of natural selection, individuals who survive are the ones best adapted for their environment. Their survival is due to the lack of competition within the species.

False

What factor would most likely disrupt frequency (shape of bell curve) in a large population?

Mating that is not random

T/F: The most important factor that is necessary for the formation of a new species from an existing species population is reproductive isolation.

True

What can phenotypes (looks) for a typical polygenic (many genes) trait can often be expressed as? (i.e. graph, curve, ratio, frequency)

Bell curve

What is the best definition of evolution by natural selection

Process that changes species over time

T/F: Geologists James Hutton's and Charles Lyell's work suggests that all rocks on Earth contain fossils.

False

The Galapagos finch species is an excellent example of what?

Speciation

T/F: Darwin's Theory of Evolution does not discuss that more offspring are born than survive to adulthood.

False

Y/N: Did Darwin know about genes and DNA being passed from parent to offspring?

No

What was the driving factor for why the Galapagos finches had different beaks?

Available food

What are the two ideas of Darwin's Evolution based upon?

Natural variation and natural selection

What is the percentage of all relative frequencies equal to? (Think of the dot lab.)

100%

When did Darwin begin to formulate his concept of evolution by natural selection?

Observations of many species and their geographic locations

T/F: According to Darwin's theory of natural selection, the current living individuals that tend to survive are those that have variations best suited to the environment.

True

What did economist Thomas Malthus suggest?

There would soon be less food for the growing human population

T/F: When individuals with an average form of a trait have the highest fitness, the result is not predictable

False

Although they often live in the same habitat, the Sterkyfinch does not breed with the turkey finch, even though they lay eggs in the spring at the same time. T/F: Does this mean that the two species do not interbreed because of temporal of behavioral insulation?

True

What did Charles Darwin view the fossil record as?

A detailed record of evolution

What did Charles Darwin observe on the Galapagos Islands?

Somewhat similar species with traits suited to their environment

In humans, the pelvis and femur, or thigh bone, are involved in walking. In whales, the pelvis and femur is not used for anything. In humans we do not use our wisdom teeth. Is this an example of vestigial structures or acquired traits?

Vestigial structures

T/F: Finches choose mates with beaks bigger than their own to ensure offspring have the largest beak possible.

True

What was the title for Charles Darwin's work that published his revolutionary scientific ideas during 1859?

Origin of the species

Y/N: Is this an example of behavioral isolation? A population having some plants whose flowers (the flower is the sexual organs of a plant) open at midday and other plants whose flowers open late in the day.

No

What does a bell-shaped curve showing the phenotypes (looks) for human height indicate about the relative number of very short and very tall people?

Most people are in the middle in height with very few fall and shorts at ends

Can a hybrid be a species? Explain

It depends on the breeding of species being together

Y/N: Are directional selection and disruptive selection similar due to both being shifts from the center of the bell curve?

Yes

Assume that a geographic barrier that results in two very different ecosystems splits into a single population. What would likely happen to the two seperate populations?

They would eventually become 2 different species

What sources of evidence did Charles Darwin consider when he presented his concept of evolution by natural selection?

Fossil, geographic distribution, homologous structures