Etiology and Sampling Methods

Etiology

The cause or origin of a disease or abnormal condition.

Etiology

Encompasses the way a disease progresses over time.

BEINGS

Mnemonic device for major categories of risk factors.

Smallpox

The first infectious disease known to have been eradicated from the globe.

Edward Jenner

The creator of the smallpox vaccine and known as the "father of vaccines."

Herd immunity

A phenomenon where a vaccine reduces the ability of an immunized person to spread a disease, resulting in decreased disease transmission.

Blue zone

Regions in the world where people are claimed to live longer than average.

Antigenic shift

Major genetic changes in the influenza virus that can lead to pandemics like COVID-19.

Antigenic drift

Minor genetic changes in the influenza virus that can still result in significant regional outbreaks of influenza.

Iatrogenic disease

A condition that is inadvertently induced by medical treatment or diagnostic procedures.

Wrong medications

Refers to unnecessary or inappropriate drugs prescribed or administered during medical treatment.

Population or universe

All items within the scope of a statistical inquiry.

Sampling

Describing a portion selected from the population.

Sample

A finite subset of statistical individuals within a population.

Sampling size

The number of units in a sample.

Simple Random Sampling

This method ensures each member of the population has an equal chance of being selected for the sample, making it highly representative. Despite its effectiveness, this method is seldom utilized in practice due to its impracticality.

Stratified Random Sampling

The population is divided into strata, with simple random sampling done in each group to create a sample. This method collects the same information as simple random sampling but with fewer people, ensuring representation and accuracy. It is easy to administer, saves time, and reduces expenses by subdividing the universe.

Systematic Sampling

The method is widely used due to its simplicity and convenience, especially when a full population list is accessible. It is a popular sampling technique for its ease of implementation.

Random Numbers

Random sampling selects a sample from a large population without bias using calculators or computers for chance-based selection. It is good for homogeneous populations and allows accuracy testing by examining another sample from the same universe. It’s practical and effective for research without needing in-depth knowledge of individual units.;