Scientific Revolution Enlightenment and Revolution

Renaissance

Cultural revival emphasizing art and humanism.

Reformation

Movement challenging the Catholic Church's authority.

Scientific Method

Systematic observation and experimentation in science.

Mercantilism

Economic theory focused on trade and wealth accumulation.

Capitalism

Economic system based on private ownership and free markets.

Cottage Industry

Small-scale production by families in homes.

Heliocentric Theory

Sun-centered model of the universe by Copernicus.

Kepler's Laws

Planets move in elliptical orbits, not circular.

Galileo's Discoveries

Moons of Jupiter supported heliocentric theory.

Inertia

Objects in motion stay in motion unless acted upon.

Social Contract

Agreement sacrificing freedom for societal order.

Natural Rights

Life, liberty, and property as fundamental rights.

Laissez-faire Capitalism

Minimal government interference in business operations.

Gravity

Force attracting objects toward each other, defined by Newton.

Encyclopedia

Diderot's compilation of human knowledge in one volume.

Voltaire

Advocate for tolerance, free speech, and judicial reform.

General Will

Collective desire of the populace in governance.

Checks and Balances

System ensuring no government branch exceeds power.

Storming the Bastille

Symbolic start of the French Revolution on July 14, 1789.

Estates General

Assembly representing France's three social classes.

Declaration of Rights

Document guaranteeing rights and democratic governance.

Reign of Terror

Radical phase of the French Revolution with mass executions.

Napoleon Bonaparte

Military leader who rose to power in France.

Coup d'etat

Overthrow of government, Napoleon became First Consul.

Napoleon's Invasion of Russia

Failed campaign resulting in massive troop losses.

Exile to Elba

Napoleon's first exile following military defeats.

Napoleonic Code

Legal framework based on Enlightenment principles.

100 Days

Napoleon's return to power before final defeat.

Congress of Vienna

Meeting to restore European order post-Napoleon.

Radical Phase

Period of extreme measures during the French Revolution.

Tennis Court Oath

Third Estate's pledge to draft a new constitution.

Louis XVI

Absolute monarch of France during the Revolution.

National Assembly

Legislative body formed by the Third Estate.

March on Versailles

Women's protest demanding bread and political action.

Bourgeoisie

Middle class, part of the Third Estate.

Jacobins

Radical political group during the French Revolution.

Robespierre

Leader during the Reign of Terror.

Directory

Government formed after the fall of Robespierre.

Napoleon's Empire

Largest European empire created by Napoleon.

Anti-French Nationalism

Growing opposition to French influence in Europe.

Concert of Europe

Alliance aimed at maintaining balance of power.