Field Botany Lecture Exam 2

What is the term for the study of physical, visible plant features?

Morphology

What parts of the plant does vegetative morphology specifically study?

Fruits, seeds, and flowers

A long, slender root that reaches deep into the ground and has multiple hairs growing off of it is called a what?

Taproot

A group of long, slender, thread-like roots is called a what?

Fibrous root system

What is the name for a root that doesn’t arise from the primary root system, i.e. a stem?

Adventitious root

Plant roots that specialize in holding nutrients are called what?

Food storage roots

Roots that specialize in holding water are called what?

Water storage roots

Roots that grow up out of the ground to assist in gas exchange are called what?

Pneumatophores

Roots that keep plant upright in especially loose ground are called what?

Prop roots

Roots that allow plants to parasitize other plants by taking their nutrients are called what?

Haustorial roots

Special prop roots that help trees stay upright in loose soil are called what?

Buttress roots

A bud at the tip of a twig is called a what?

Terminal bud

A crescent shaped mark on a twig where a leaf used to be is called a what?

Leaf scar

Buds that grow off the sides of twigs are called what?

Lateral buds

A ring around the twig where buds and leaves grow from is called a what?

Node

The space between nodes on a twig is called a what?

Internode

Pores in twigs that allow for gas exchange are called what?

Lenticels

Marks in leaf scars where xylem and phloem used to run are called what?

Bundle scars

The parts that connect flowers to stems are called what?

Pedicels

What is the name for the part of a leaf that directly connects it to the stem?

Petiole

What is the name for the groove between a branch and the stem it’s attached to?

Axil

What is the name for a bud that grows in an axil?

Axillary bud

What kind of habit does a plant without a stem have?

Acaulescent

What kind of habit does a plant with multiple green, leafy stems have?

Cespitose

What kind of habit does a tree with a trunk and multiple branches at its top have?

Arborescent

What kind of habit does a plant with a long, slender, scantly-branched stem have?

Erect

What kind of habit does a plant with a central root system and stems that grow flat along the ground have?

Prostrate

What kind of habit does a plant with stems that both grow along the ground and produce more root systems have?

Repent

What kind of habit does a plant with stems that grow along the ground but eventually curve upward have?

Decumbent

What kind of habit does a plant with hardy stems on the bottom and fleshy, more vulnerable stems on top have?

Suffrutescent

What kind of stem is layered with immature leaves and kept underground, allowing the plant to survive harsh winters?

Bulb

What kind of stem is modified to be sharp and offer the plant protection?

Thorn

What kind of stem is modified for underground food storage?

Tuber

What kind of stems ground underground and allow for vegetative growth?

Rhizomes

What kind of stems grows above ground and runs along the ground, allowing for vegetative growth?

Stolon (AKA runner)

What is the name for a stem modified for water storage?

Succulent

What kind of stems is modified to climb up things and give the plant extra height?

Tendril

What kind of stem is solid throughout and kept underground to store food and survive harsh conditions?

Corm

What kind of stem is flat and photosynthetic?

Cladode

What is the name for the flat, green, photosynthetic part of a leaf?

Blade

What is the term for the bottom part of a leaf that wraps around the stem in certain plants?

Sheath

What kind of leaf phyllotaxy does a plant with one leaf at each node have?

Alternate

What are the two different kinds of alternate leaf systems?

Spiral, where the leaves rotate around the stem as you go up, and distichous, where the leaves are separated onto two sides of the stem.

What kind of phyllotaxy does a plant with two leaves on each node have?

Opposite

What is the term for a plant with opposite phyllotaxy where each node rotates the leaves around the stem 90 degrees?

Decussate

What kind of phyllotaxy does a plant with three or more leaves at each node have?

Whorled

What is the term for a leaf directly attached to a stem without a petiole?

Amplexicaule

What is the term for a leaf that wraps around the stem of the plant near its lower half?

Perfoliate

What is the term for a leaf that isn’t divided into leaflets?

Simple

What is the term for a leaf that’s divided into leaflets?

Compound

What is the term for a leaf without any margins?

Entire

What is the term for a leaf with wavy margins?

Ondulate

What is the term for a leaf with big margins that reach deep into the blade?

Lacerate

What is the term for a leaf with rounded margins?

Crenate

What is the term for a leaf with pointy margins?

Serrate

What is the term for the tip of a leaf?

Leaf apex

What is the term for the bottom of a leaf?

Leaf base

What is the term for leaf venation that reaches in straight lines from the base to the apex?

Parallel venation

What is the term for leaf venation that branch throughout the leaf in a web like structure?

Netted

What are the two kinds of netted leaf venation?

Pinnate, which reaches from the midrib of the leaf to the edges, and palmate, which reaches from the leaf base to the edges

What kind of venation has veins continuously split in Y shapes to reach from the base of the leaf to the apex, commonly seen in ginkgos?

Dichotomous venation

What kind of leaf surface is smooth?

Glabrous

What kind of leaf surface is waxy?

Glaucous

What kind of leaf surface is hairy?

Pubescent

What kind of leaves are specialized to help anchor plants to other plants?

Tendrils (same as stems)

What kind of leaves are modified to be pointy and protect the plant?

Spines

What kind of storage leaves specialize in storing food?

Bulb (same as stems)

What kind of leaves specialize in storing water?

Succulent (same as stems)

What kind of leaves allow plants to divide and propagate asexually?

Reproductive leaves

What kind of leaves act like petals, using colors to guide pollinators to flowers?

Floral leaves

What kind of leaves allow plants to catch bugs and digest them for their nitrogen?

Insectivorous leaves

What is the term for a plant trait that allows it to specialize for certain pollinators?

Pollinator syndrome

What are the three main pollinator syndromes for beetles?

Large flowers, singly-born flowers, and ovules deep within the floral chamber

What are the two main colors of flowers pollinated by bees?

Yellow and blue

What is the main pollinator syndrome for flies?

A smell of rotting flesh

What are the three main pollinator syndromes for moths?

Heavy scent, scent released nocturnally, and pale, colorless flowers

What is the main pollinator syndrome for butterflies?

Nectaries deep in a long corolla tube

What is the main pollinator syndrome for birds?

Very little scent

What are the three main pollinator syndromes for bats?

Large size, pale color, and nighttime opening

What are the five main wind pollinator syndromes?

Flowers separated by male and female, few or no petals, pale coloring, no nectar, and no scent

What is the term for when male and female organs mature separately to avoid self pollination?

Dichogamy

What is the term for when the gyconium isn’t developed enough for fertilization when the pollen is released?

Protandry

What is the term for when the gyconium matures before the pollen is released?

Protogyny

Is unisexuality considered older or newer than hermaphroditism in plants?

Newer

What is the term for a plant with unisexual male and female flowers on the same individual?

Monoecious

What is the term for a plant with male flowers on one individual and female flowers on the other?

Dioecious

What is the term for a plant species that makes male, female, and perfect flowers?

Polygamous

What is there term for a polygamous plant where male female, and perfect flowers are all made on the same individual?

Polygamomonoecious

What is the term for a plant species with perfect and male flowers on one individual, and perfect and female flowers on another?

Polygamodioecious

What is the term for a plant species with male and perfect flowers on the same individual, but no female flowers?

Andromonoecious

What is the term for a plant species where certain individuals have perfect flowers and certain individuals have male flowers, but there are no female flowers?

Androdioecious

What is the term for a plant species where all individuals have both female and perfect flowers, but there aren’t any male flowers?

Gynomonoecious

What is the term for a plant species that has individuals with perfect flowers and individuals with female flowers, without any male flowers?

Gynodioecious

What is it called when an individual plant can’t reproduce with itself due to certain genes?

Genetic self-incompatibility

What is the term for a genetic self incompatibility system where pollen grains and styles all have different S alleles, and if they have the same one, they cannot reproduce?

Multiallelic system

What kind of multiallelic system only uses the S alleles the pollen grain carries?

Gametophytic

What kind of multiallelic system uses the S alleles from both parents of the plant?

Sporophytic

How do sporophytic multiallelic systems work if a pollen grain can only have one S allele?

The second allele produces certain proteins before the first cell wall of meiosis is formed.

Match the traits with the multiallelic system: Stigma surface is dry/wet, rejection occurs at the style/stigma, pollen grains have two/three nuclei at release.

Gametophytic multiallelic systems have wet stigmas, rejection at the style, and pollen grains with two nuclei. Sporophytic multiallelic systems have dry stigmas, rejection at the stigma, and pollen grains with three nuclei

What is the other kind of self-incompatibility system, where one of two different alleles is only compatible with the other

Diallelic system