Unit 7 vocab

William H. Seward

U.S. Secretary of State who arranged the purchase of Alaska from Russia in 1867.

Monroe Doctrine

A U.S. policy (1823) opposing European colonization or intervention in the Western Hemisphere.

Purchase of Alaska

The U.S. bought Alaska from Russia for $7.2 million in 1867, often referred to as 'Seward’s Folly'.

Hawaii

Annexed by the U.S. in 1898, partly due to American business interests in sugar and strategic military location.

Pearl Harbor

A naval base in Hawaii that became crucial for U.S. military operations in the Pacific.

Queen Liliuokalani

The last reigning queen of Hawaii before being overthrown by American-backed forces in 1893.

Grover Cleveland

U.S. president who opposed the annexation of Hawaii, believing it was unjust.

James G. Blaine

Secretary of State who promoted U.S. economic and political expansion in Latin America.

Pan-American Conference (1889)

A meeting to promote cooperation between the U.S. and Latin America.

Richard Olney

U.S. Secretary of State who invoked the Monroe Doctrine during the Venezuela boundary dispute.

Venezuelan Boundary Dispute

A conflict between Venezuela and Britain, where the U.S. intervened under the Monroe Doctrine.

New Imperialism

The late 19th-century push for overseas expansion driven by economic, military, and ideological motives.

Alfred Thayer Mahan

A naval officer and historian who argued strong navies and overseas bases were key to national power.

Expansionists

Supporters of U.S. territorial and economic expansion abroad.

Josiah Strong

A minister who promoted the idea that Anglo-Saxons had a duty to spread Christianity and civilization.

Jingoism

Extreme nationalism advocating aggressive foreign policy.

Cuban Revolt

Cuban rebellion against Spanish rule, which drew U.S. sympathy and intervention.

Yellow Journalism

Sensationalized news meant to incite public opinion against Spain.

De Lôme Letter

A letter from a Spanish diplomat criticizing U.S. President McKinley, increasing war tensions.

Sinking of the Maine

The explosion of the U.S. battleship in Havana Harbor in 1898, leading to cries for war against Spain.

Teller Amendment

A U.S. promise not to annex Cuba after the Spanish-American War.

A splendid little war

Phrase by John Hay describing the quick U.S. victory over Spain.

The Philippines

Seized by the U.S. from Spain; later fought a long war for independence.

George Dewey

U.S. naval officer who won the Battle of Manila Bay.

Rough Riders

A volunteer cavalry unit led by Theodore Roosevelt, known for their charge up San Juan Hill.

Puerto Rico

Became a U.S. territory after the Spanish-American War.

Guam

Another territory acquired by the U.S. after the Spanish-American War.

Treaty of Paris (1898)

Ended the Spanish-American War, giving the U.S. control over the Philippines, Guam, and Puerto Rico.

Emilio Aguinaldo

Leader of Filipino resistance against both Spain and later U.S. occupation.

Anti-Imperialist League

Group opposing U.S. expansionism and colonial rule over the Philippines.

Insular Cases

Supreme Court rulings that determined U.S. territories did not automatically receive full constitutional rights.

Platt Amendment

Allowed U.S. intervention in Cuba and established a naval base at Guantanamo Bay.

China Policy

U.S. policies toward China, promoting trade and territorial integrity.

John Hay

Secretary of State who promoted the Open Door Policy in China.

Spheres of Influence

Areas where foreign powers had economic and political control, especially in China.

Open Door Policy

Advocated equal trading rights for all nations in China.

Boxer Rebellion

A Chinese nationalist uprising against foreign influence, suppressed by a coalition.

TR Policies (WOR)

Roosevelt’s aggressive foreign policy that included military interventions.

Big Stick Policy

Roosevelt’s foreign affair strategy: negotiate peacefully but maintain military strength.

Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty

Gave the U.S. rights to build the Panama Canal.

Panama Canal

Crucial waterway built by the U.S. to facilitate faster naval and commercial travel.

Santo Domingo

U.S. takeover of Dominican finances to prevent European intervention.

Roosevelt Corollary

An extension of the Monroe Doctrine permitting U.S. intervention in Latin America.

Russo-Japanese War

A war between Russia and Japan mediated by Roosevelt.

Treaty of Portsmouth

Ended the Russo-Japanese War, earning Roosevelt a Nobel Peace Prize.

Segregated Schools

Japanese students faced segregation in U.S. schools, leading to diplomatic tensions.

Gentlemen’s Agreement

A deal where Japan limited immigration to the U.S. in exchange for desegregation.

Great White Fleet

A showcase of U.S. naval power with a world tour of battleships.

Root-Takahira Agreement (1908)

Agreement between the U.S. and Japan respecting territorial possessions.

Dollar Diplomacy

Taft’s policy of promoting U.S. business interests abroad.

William Howard Taft

U.S. president who sought to use economic power to influence foreign nations.

Railroads in China

U.S. investment efforts to counter European and Japanese dominance.

Manchuria

Region contested by Russia, Japan, and China, with U.S. influence attempts.

Intervention in Nicaragua

U.S. military involvement to protect economic interests abroad.

Moral Diplomacy

Wilson’s policy aimed at promoting democracy and human rights.

Anti-Imperialism

Opposition to U.S. expansionism, especially in the Philippines.

Woodrow Wilson

U.S. president focusing on democracy in foreign policy.

William Jennings Bryan

Anti-imperialist and Secretary of State under Wilson.

Jones Act (1916)

Promised eventual independence for the Philippines.

Conciliation

Efforts to resolve disputes peacefully.

Military Intervention

Use of force by the U.S. to protect its interests.

Pancho Villa

Mexican revolutionary who raided U.S. border towns.

John J. Pershing

U.S. general sent to capture Pancho Villa.

Expeditionary Force

Troops deployed overseas for military operations.

Urban middle class

Backbone of the Progressive movement, including professionals and reformers.

Professional associations

Organizations formed to regulate industries and advocate for reforms.

Protestants

Many Progressive reformers were motivated by religious values.

Older stock

Native-born white Americans often leading the Progressive movement.

Pragmatism

A philosophy emphasizing practical solutions and progressive change.

Frederick W. Taylor

Developer of scientific management for improving workplace efficiency.

Henry Demarest Lloyd

Early muckraker who criticized monopolies like Standard Oil.

Standard Oil Company

Massive oil monopoly broken up due to antitrust actions.

Lincoln Steffens

Exposed urban political corruption in 'The Shame of the Cities'.

Ida Tarbell

Investigative journalist who exposed Standard Oil's unethical practices.

Jacob Riis

Used photography to reveal poor urban living conditions in 'How the Other Half Lives'.

Theodore Dreiser

Novelist whose works depicted harsh realities of industrial society.

Secret ballot

Reform allowing private voting to reduce manipulation.

Robert La Follette

Wisconsin governor promoting Progressive policies like direct primaries.

Direct primary

Voters choose candidates rather than political bosses.

Direct election of U.S. senators

Established by the 17th Amendment allowing citizens to elect senators directly.

Initiative, referendum, and recall

Political reforms enhancing direct democracy.

Municipal reform

Efforts to clean up city governments, reducing corruption.

Commission plan

Experts run city departments instead of political appointees.

Manager-council plan

A professional city manager oversees operations.

Charles Evans Hughes

New York governor combating corporate corruption.

Hiram Johnson

Progressive governor of California pushing for direct democracy reforms.

Wisconsin Idea

A model for progressive reforms led by Robert La Follette.

Regulatory commissions

Government bodies overseeing industries like railroads.

Temperance and prohibition

Movement to ban alcohol, leading to the 18th Amendment.

National Child Labor Committee

Advocated for restrictions on child labor.

Compulsory school

Laws mandating children attend school to fight child labor.

Florence Kelley

Social reformer championing labor rights and consumer protection.

Lochner v. New York

Struck down a law limiting work hours, favoring businesses.

Muller v. Oregon

Upheld laws limiting women's working hours.

Triangle Shirtwaist fire

A tragic factory fire leading to tighter workplace regulations.

Square Deal

Roosevelt's domestic policy promoting fairness for workers, consumers, and businesses.

Trust-busting

Roosevelt's effort to dismantle monopolies.

Bad trusts and good trusts

Roosevelt's distinction between harmful and fair monopolies.

Elkins Act

Strengthened regulations against railroad rebates.

Hepburn Act

Increased government power to regulate railroads.