Unit 7 vocab

Topic 7.2 

William H. Seward – U.S. Secretary of State who arranged the purchase of Alaska from Russia in 1867.

Monroe Doctrine – A U.S. policy (1823) opposing European colonization or intervention in the Western Hemisphere.

Purchase of Alaska (1867) – The U.S. bought Alaska from Russia for $7.2 million, often called “Seward’s Folly” at the time.

Hawaii – Annexed by the U.S. in 1898, partly due to American business interests in sugar and strategic military location.

Pearl Harbor – A naval base in Hawaii that became crucial for U.S. military operations in the Pacific.

Queen Liliuokalani – The last reigning queen of Hawaii before being overthrown by American-backed forces in 1893.

Grover Cleveland – U.S. president who opposed annexation of Hawaii, believing it was unjust.

James G. Blaine – Secretary of State who promoted U.S. economic and political expansion in Latin America.

Pan-American Conference (1889) – A meeting to promote cooperation between the U.S. and Latin America.

Richard Olney – U.S. Secretary of State who invoked the Monroe Doctrine during the Venezuela boundary dispute.

Venezuelan Boundary Dispute – A conflict between Venezuela and Britain, where the U.S. intervened under the Monroe Doctrine.

“New Imperialism” – The late 19th-century push for overseas expansion driven by economic, military, and ideological motives.

Alfred Thayer Mahan – A naval officer and historian who argued in The Influence of Sea Power Upon History that strong navies and overseas bases were key to national power.

Expansionists – Those who supported U.S. territorial and economic expansion abroad.

Josiah Strong – A minister who promoted the idea that Anglo-Saxons had a duty to spread Christianity and civilization.

Topic 7.3

“Jingoism” – Extreme nationalism advocating aggressive foreign policy.

Cuban Revolt – Cuban rebellion against Spanish rule, which drew U.S. sympathy and intervention.

“Yellow Journalism” – Sensationalized and exaggerated news, particularly by The New York Journal and The New York World, to incite public opinion against Spain.

De Lôme Letter – A letter from a Spanish diplomat criticizing U.S. President McKinley, which fueled war tensions.

Sinking of the Maine – The U.S. battleship exploded in Havana Harbor in 1898, leading to war cries against Spain.

Teller Amendment – A U.S. promise not to annex Cuba after the Spanish-American War.

“A splendid little war” – A phrase by John Hay describing the quick U.S. victory over Spain.

The Philippines – Seized by the U.S. from Spain; later fought a bloody war for independence against American rule.

George Dewey – U.S. naval officer who won the Battle of Manila Bay in the Philippines.

Rough Riders – A volunteer cavalry unit led by Theodore Roosevelt, famous for their charge up San Juan Hill.

Puerto Rico – Became a U.S. territory after the war.

Guam – Another Spanish-held territory acquired by the U.S.

Treaty of Paris (1898) – Ended the Spanish-American War, granting the U.S. control over the Philippines, Guam, and Puerto Rico.

Emilio Aguinaldo – Leader of Filipino resistance against both Spain and later U.S. occupation.

Anti-Imperialist League – A group that opposed U.S. expansionism and colonial rule over the Philippines.

Insular Cases – Supreme Court cases that ruled U.S. territories did not automatically get full constitutional rights.

Platt Amendment – Allowed U.S. intervention in Cuba and established a naval base at Guantanamo Bay.

China Policy (WOR) – U.S. policies toward China, including trade and territorial integrity.

John Hay – Secretary of State who promoted the Open Door Policy in China.

Spheres of Influence – Areas where foreign powers had economic and political control, especially in China.

Open Door Policy – U.S. policy advocating equal trading rights for all nations in China.

Boxer Rebellion – A Chinese nationalist uprising against foreign influence, suppressed by an international coalition.

TR Policies (WOR) – Roosevelt’s aggressive foreign policy, including military interventions.

“Big Stick” Policy – Roosevelt’s approach to foreign affairs: negotiate peacefully but maintain military strength.

Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty – Gave the U.S. rights to build the Panama Canal.

Panama Canal – A crucial waterway built by the U.S. for faster naval and commercial travel.

Santo Domingo – The U.S. took over Dominican finances to prevent European intervention.

Roosevelt Corollary – An addition to the Monroe Doctrine stating that the U.S. could intervene in Latin America to maintain stability.

Russo-Japanese War – A war between Russia and Japan, mediated by Roosevelt.

Treaty of Portsmouth (1905) – Ended the Russo-Japanese War; earned Roosevelt the Nobel Peace Prize.

Segregated Schools – Japanese students faced segregation in U.S. schools, causing diplomatic tensions.

“Gentlemen’s Agreement” – A deal where Japan restricted emigration to the U.S. in exchange for desegregation.

Great White Fleet – A showcase of U.S. naval power with a world tour of American battleships.

Root-Takahira Agreement (1908) – A U.S.-Japan agreement respecting territorial possessions in the Pacific.

Dollar Diplomacy (WOR, WXT) – Taft’s policy of promoting U.S. business interests abroad.

William Howard Taft – U.S. president who used economic power to influence foreign nations.

“Dollar Diplomacy” – The use of financial investment to exert U.S. influence, particularly in Latin America.

Railroads in China – U.S. investment in Chinese railways to counter European and Japanese dominance.

Manchuria – A region contested by Russia, Japan, and China, with U.S. attempts to gain influence.

Intervention in Nicaragua – U.S. military involvement to protect economic interests.

Moral Diplomacy (WOR) – Wilson’s policy of promoting democracy and human rights in foreign affairs.

Anti-Imperialism – The opposition to U.S. expansionism, especially in the Philippines.

Woodrow Wilson – U.S. president who emphasized democracy in foreign policy.

William Jennings Bryan – Anti-imperialist and Wilson’s Secretary of State.

Jones Act (1916) – Promised eventual independence for the Philippines.

Conciliation – Efforts to resolve disputes peacefully.

Military Intervention – U.S. use of force to protect interests in Latin America and beyond.

Pancho Villa – Mexican revolutionary who raided U.S. border towns.

John J. Pershing – U.S. general sent to capture Pancho Villa.

Expeditionary Force – Troops deployed overseas for military operations.

Urban middle class – The backbone of the Progressive movement, including professionals, small business owners, and reform-minded individuals.

Professional associations – Organizations formed to regulate industries and advocate for reforms, such as the American Medical Association (AMA).

Protestants – Many Progressive reformers were motivated by religious values, particularly the Social Gospel movement.

Older stock – Native-born, white Americans who often led the Progressive movement.

Pragmatism – A philosophy that emphasized practical solutions and progressive change, promoted by thinkers like William James and John Dewey.

Frederick W. Taylor – Developed scientific management, which sought to improve efficiency in workplaces through systematic studies.

Henry Demarest Lloyd – Early muckraker who criticized monopolies, especially Standard Oil.

Standard Oil Company – A massive oil monopoly broken up due to Progressive-era antitrust actions.

Lincoln Steffens – Exposed urban political corruption in The Shame of the Cities.

Ida Tarbell – Investigative journalist who exposed the unethical practices of Standard Oil.

Jacob Riis – Used photography (How the Other Half Lives) to expose poor living conditions in urban slums.

Theodore Dreiser – A novelist whose works depicted the harsh realities of industrial society.

Secret ballot – Reform allowing private voting to reduce voter manipulation.

Robert La Follette – Wisconsin governor who promoted Progressive policies like direct primaries.

Direct primary – A system where voters, rather than political bosses, choose candidates for elections.

Direct election of U.S. senators – Established by the 17th Amendment, allowing citizens to elect senators directly.

Initiative, referendum, and recall – Political reforms that increased direct democracy.

Municipal reform – Efforts to clean up city governments and reduce corruption.

Commission plan – A system where experts ran city departments instead of political appointees.

Manager-council plan – A system where a professional city manager oversaw operations.

Charles Evans Hughes – New York governor who fought corporate corruption.

Hiram Johnson – Progressive governor of California who pushed for direct democracy reforms.

“Wisconsin Idea” – A model for progressive reforms led by Robert La Follette in Wisconsin.

Regulatory commissions – Government bodies created to oversee industries, such as railroads.

Temperance and prohibition – The movement to ban alcohol, leading to the 18th Amendment.

National Child Labor Committee – Advocated for child labor restrictions.

Compulsory school – Laws requiring children to attend school to reduce child labor.

Florence Kelley – Social reformer who fought for labor rights, child welfare, and consumer protection.

Lochner v. New York – Supreme Court case that struck down a law limiting work hours, favoring businesses.

Muller v. Oregon – Supreme Court case that upheld laws limiting women’s working hours.

Triangle Shirtwaist fire – A tragic factory fire (1911) that led to workplace safety regulations.

“Square Deal” – Roosevelt’s domestic policy promoting fairness for workers, consumers, and businesses.

Trust-busting – Roosevelt’s effort to break up monopolies and regulate corporations.

“Bad trusts” and “good trusts” – Roosevelt distinguished between monopolies that harmed consumers and those that operated fairly.

Elkins Act (1903) – Strengthened regulations against railroad rebates.

Hepburn Act (1906) – Increased government power to regulate railroads.

The Jungle – A novel by Upton Sinclair exposing unsanitary conditions in the meatpacking industry.

Pure Food and Drug Act (1906) – Required proper labeling of food and drugs.

Meat Inspection Act (1906) – Mandated government inspections of meat products.

Newlands Reclamation Act (1902) – Funded irrigation projects in the West.

White House Conference – Led to national conservation policies.

Gifford Pinchot – Head of the U.S. Forest Service, supported conservation efforts.

William Howard Taft Presidency (PCE) – Taft continued Progressive reforms but was less aggressive than Roosevelt.

Mann-Elkins Act (1910) – Strengthened railroad regulations.

16th Amendment – Allowed Congress to impose an income tax.

Firing of Pinchot – Taft fired conservationist Pinchot, angering progressives.

Payne-Aldrich Act (1906) – A tariff law that disappointed progressives.

Socialist Party – A political party advocating for government control of industries.

Eugene V. Debs – Socialist leader and presidential candidate.

Bull Moose Party – The Progressive Party formed by Theodore Roosevelt after splitting from the Republicans.

New Nationalism – Roosevelt’s platform advocating for government intervention in the economy.

New Freedom – Woodrow Wilson’s policy promoting free markets and business competition.

Underwood Tariff (1912) – Lowered tariffs and implemented an income tax.

Federal Reserve Act (1914) – Created the Federal Reserve to regulate banks and the money supply.

Federal Reserve Board – The governing body of the Federal Reserve.

Clayton Antitrust Act (1914) – Strengthened antitrust laws against monopolies.

Federal Trade Commission – Regulated unfair business practices.

Federal Farm Act (1916) – Provided loans to farmers.

Child Labor Act (1916) – Attempted to restrict child labor but was later overturned by the Supreme Court.

Racial segregation – Continued discrimination against Black Americans during the Progressive Era.

Lynchings – Extrajudicial killings, primarily targeting Black Americans.

Booker T. Washington – Advocated for vocational education and economic progress for African Americans.

W.E.B. Du Bois – Civil rights leader who demanded immediate equality.

NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People) – Founded to fight racial injustice.

National Urban League – Helped Black Americans find jobs and housing in urban areas.

Carrie Chapman Catt – Leader of the National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA), which worked for women’s voting rights.

Alice Paul – Leader of the National Women’s Party, which took more militant approaches to suffrage.

19th Amendment – Granted women the right to vote (1920).

League of Women Voters – An organization promoting civic engagement for women.

Margaret Sanger – Advocate for birth control and reproductive rights.

Topic 7.5: 

Neutrality – The U.S. initially remained neutral, avoiding involvement in the European conflict.

Allied Powers – Britain, France, Russia, and later the U.S.

Central Powers – Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire, and Bulgaria.

Submarine warfare – Germany’s use of U-boats to sink Allied and neutral ships, including American vessels.

Lusitania – British passenger ship sunk by a German U-boat in 1915, killing Americans and escalating tensions.

Sussex Pledge – Germany’s promise to stop unrestricted submarine warfare but later violated.

Ethnic influences – U.S. immigrants had divided loyalties; many German Americans supported Germany, while most Americans favored Britain and France.

Preparedness – The push to build U.S. military strength before entering the war.

Election of 1916 – Woodrow Wilson won reelection on the slogan “He kept us out of war.”

Jeannette Rankin – First female member of Congress; opposed U.S. entry into WWI.

Edward House – Wilson’s advisor who tried to negotiate peace before U.S. entry.

Zimmerman Telegram – A secret message from Germany to Mexico, promising U.S. land if Mexico joined the war. It fueled American support for war.

Russian Revolution – The overthrow of the Russian czar in 1917, leading to Russia’s withdrawal from WWI.

Declaration of War – In April 1917, Wilson asked Congress to declare war against Germany, citing unrestricted submarine warfare and the Zimmerman Telegram.

Bolsheviks – Communist group led by Lenin that took over Russia in 1917.American Expeditionary Force (AEF) – U.S. troops led by John J. Pershing, sent to fight in Europe.

Western Front – The main battle zone in France and Belgium, characterized by trench warfare.

November 11, 1918 – The armistice (ceasefire) ending WWI.

“Peace without victory” – Wilson’s idea that postwar peace should not punish the defeated nations.

Fourteen Points – Wilson’s plan for peace, including self-determination and the League of Nations.

Big Four – Leaders of Britain, France, Italy, and the U.S. who negotiated the Treaty of Versailles.

Treaty of Versailles – Official peace treaty that ended WWI, heavily punishing Germany.

Self-determination – The idea that ethnic groups should have their own nations.

League of Nations – An international organization designed to prevent future wars, but the U.S. did not join.

Article X – A controversial part of the League of Nations charter that committed members to defend each other.

Henry Cabot Lodge – Senator who opposed the Treaty of Versailles and the League of Nations.

Irreconcilables – Senators who opposed the League of Nations under any circumstances.

Reservationists – Senators willing to approve the treaty with changes.

Rejection of the treaty – The U.S. Senate ultimately refused to ratify the Treaty of Versailles, keeping the U.S. out of the League of Nations.

Food Administration – Led by Herbert Hoover, encouraged rationing and agricultural production.

Railroad Administration – Government control of railroads during the war.

National War Labor Board – Mediated disputes between labor and business to prevent strikes.

Liberty Bonds – War bonds sold to finance the U.S. war effort.

Selective Service Act – Law requiring men to register for the draft.

Service by African Americans – Many Black soldiers served in segregated units during WWI.

George Creel – Head of the Committee on Public Information (CPI), which promoted war propaganda.

Committee on Public Information – A government agency that spread pro-war propaganda.

Espionage Act (1917) – Law that made it illegal to interfere with military recruitment.

Sedition Act (1918) – Law that criminalized criticism of the government and war effort.

Eugene V. Debs – Socialist leader jailed for anti-war speeches.

Schenck v. United States – Supreme Court case that upheld wartime restrictions on free speech.

Anti-German hysteria – Widespread hostility toward German Americans during the war.

Social Impact of the War (MIG, WXT)

Jobs for women – Many women took over industrial jobs during the war.

Migration of Mexicans – Increased Mexican immigration to the U.S. for agricultural jobs.

Great Migration – Large movement of African Americans from the South to Northern cities for jobs.

1918 pandemic – The Spanish flu outbreak killed millions worldwide.

Recession – Postwar economic downturn as industries adjusted from wartime to peacetime.

Red Scare – Fear of communism in the U.S. after the Russian Revolution.

Anti-Communist hysteria – Fear of radical leftist movements leading to crackdowns on suspected radicals.

Xenophobia – Anti-immigrant sentiment worsened by fears of communism and anarchism.

Palmer Raids – Government raids to arrest suspected radicals, led by Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer.

Strikes of 1919 – Major labor strikes, often suppressed by force.

Race riots – Increased racial tensions and violence, including the Chicago Race Riot of 1919.

Economic prosperity – The U.S. experienced economic growth, mass production, and consumerism.

Standard of living – Improved for many Americans with new technologies and consumer goods.

Scientific management – Business efficiency methods pioneered by Frederick Taylor.

Henry Ford – Revolutionized car manufacturing with the assembly line.

Consumer appliances – New home technologies like refrigerators and washing machines.

Impact of the automobile – Increased mobility, growth of suburbs, and expansion of related industries.

“Open shop” – A workplace where union membership was not required.

Welfare capitalism – Business practices that provided benefits to workers to discourage unionization.

Industrial design – The fusion of art and function in consumer products.

Art Deco – A popular architectural and design style of the 1920s.

Mass media – Growth of newspapers, radio, and movies as sources of entertainment and information.

Radio – A major new medium for entertainment and news.

Networks – The formation of nationwide radio networks like NBC and CBS.

Movie industry – Expanded rapidly, centered in Hollywood.

Popular music – Jazz became a dominant musical genre.

Phonographs – Early record players that brought music into homes.

Popular heroes – Sports stars and celebrities like Babe Ruth became national figures.

Aviation – The expansion of air travel and the aviation industry.

Charles Lindbergh – Famous for the first solo transatlantic flight in 1927.

This covers the major terms from these sections. Let me know if you need any clarifications!

Here are definitions for the key terms from the document:

Conflicts over Religion (ARC)

Modernism: A cultural movement embracing human empowerment and rejecting traditionalism; in religion, it sought to reconcile science and faith.

Fundamentalism: A religious movement emphasizing a literal interpretation of the Bible and rejecting modern scientific theories like evolution.

Revivalists: Religious leaders who sought to reinvigorate faith through emotional preaching and large public gatherings.

Billy Sunday: A popular evangelical preacher known for his fiery sermons against modernism, alcohol, and immorality.

Aimee Semple McPherson: A famous evangelist who used radio and theatrical sermons to spread her religious messages.

Scopes Trial: A 1925 court case where teacher John Scopes was tried for teaching evolution, highlighting the conflict between science and religion.

Clarence Darrow: The defense attorney for John Scopes in the Scopes Trial.

Volstead Act (1919): The law that provided enforcement for Prohibition, banning alcohol production and sales.

Al Capone: A notorious gangster who profited from illegal alcohol sales during Prohibition.

Organized crime: Criminal enterprises that flourished during Prohibition, including bootlegging and speakeasies.

21st Amendment: The amendment that repealed Prohibition in 1933.

Quota laws: U.S. laws that limited immigration, favoring Northern and Western Europeans while restricting others.

Sacco and Vanzetti: Italian immigrants and anarchists executed for murder amid controversy and accusations of xenophobia.

Ku Klux Klan: A white supremacist group that targeted African Americans, immigrants, Catholics, and Jews.

Birth of a Nation: A 1915 film that glorified the Ku Klux Klan and promoted racist stereotypes.

Gertrude Stein: An American writer who coined the term “Lost Generation” to describe disillusioned post-WWI writers.

“Lost Generation”: A term for writers who felt alienated by American materialism and sought meaning in postwar Europe.

F. Scott Fitzgerald: A writer known for The Great Gatsby, which critiques the excesses of the 1920s.

Ernest Hemingway: A novelist whose works, like A Farewell to Arms, reflected disillusionment with war.

Sinclair Lewis: A satirical novelist known for Babbitt and Main Street, which criticized American society.

Ezra Pound: A poet influential in modernist literature.

T.S. Eliot: A poet who wrote The Waste Land, depicting the spiritual crisis of the modern world.

Eugene O’Neill: A playwright who explored deep psychological themes.

Edward Hopper: An artist known for his realist paintings capturing urban loneliness.

Regional artists: Artists who focused on American rural life and regional culture.

Grant Wood: A painter famous for American Gothic.

George Gershwin: A composer who blended classical and jazz music.

Morals: Changing social norms, especially regarding gender roles and behavior.

Sigmund Freud: A psychologist whose theories on the unconscious mind influenced attitudes about sexuality and behavior.

Margaret Sanger: An activist who promoted birth control and women’s reproductive rights.

Fashion: In the 1920s, shorter dresses, bobbed hair, and more daring styles symbolized women’s liberation.

High school education: Expanded significantly during the 1920s as education became more accessible.

Consumer culture: A culture driven by advertising, credit, and mass consumption of goods.

Frederick Lewis Allen: A historian known for Only Yesterday, which chronicled the 1920s.

Migration from the South: The Great Migration saw African Americans moving north for better opportunities.

Harlem Renaissance: A cultural movement celebrating Black art, music, and literature in Harlem, New York.

Countee Cullen: A Harlem Renaissance poet.

Langston Hughes: A famous poet and writer of the Harlem Renaissance.

James Weldon Johnson: A writer and civil rights activist.

Claude McKay: A Harlem Renaissance poet and novelist.

Duke Ellington: A jazz composer and bandleader.

Louis Armstrong: A legendary jazz musician.

Bessie Smith: A blues singer known as the “Empress of the Blues.”

Paul Robeson: A singer, actor, and civil rights activist.

Back-to-Africa Movement: Led by Marcus Garvey, it encouraged African Americans to return to Africa.

Marcus Garvey: A Black nationalist leader who founded the Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA).

Black Pride: A cultural movement emphasizing pride in African heritage and identity.

Warren Harding: The 29th U.S. president, whose administration was plagued by scandals.

Charles Evans Hughes: Secretary of State who promoted disarmament.

Andrew Mellon: Treasury Secretary who advocated for tax cuts for the wealthy.

Fordney-McCumber Tariff Act: A law that raised tariffs to protect American industry.

Bureau of the Budget: Established to improve government efficiency.

Harry M. Daugherty: Harding’s Attorney General, implicated in corruption.

Albert B. Fall: Secretary of the Interior involved in the Teapot Dome Scandal.

Teapot Dome Scandal: A major political scandal involving bribery and oil reserves.

Calvin Coolidge: The 30th U.S. president, known for promoting business-friendly policies.

Herbert Hoover: The 31st U.S. president, who faced the Great Depression.

Alfred E. Smith: A Democratic presidential candidate and the first Catholic nominee.

Topic 7.9: 

Black Tuesday: October 29, 1929, the day the stock market crashed, marking the beginning of the Great Depression.

Dow Jones Index: A stock market index that measures the performance of major companies in the U.S.

Buying on margin: Purchasing stocks with borrowed money, leading to high financial risk.

Uneven distribution of income: A major economic issue where wealth was concentrated among the rich, while many struggled financially.

Excessive use of credit: Overuse of installment plans and loans, leading to debt and financial instability.

Overproduction: Factories and farms produced more goods than could be sold, leading to layoffs and falling prices.

High tariffs: Taxes on imported goods, like the Hawley-Smoot Tariff, which worsened the global economic downturn.

Federal Reserve: The central banking system of the U.S., which failed to stabilize the banking system during the crisis.

Stock market crash: The rapid collapse of stock prices in 1929, contributing to the Great Depression.

Business failures: Many companies shut down due to declining sales and financial losses.

Unemployment: Reached record levels, with around 25% of the workforce unemployed by 1933.

Bank failures: Many banks collapsed as people withdrew their savings and loans defaulted.

Gross national product: The total value of goods and services produced by the U.S. declined drastically.

Poverty and homelessness: Many Americans lost their homes, leading to the rise of makeshift shantytowns called “Hoovervilles.”

Herbert Hoover: U.S. president (1929–1933) criticized for his inadequate response to the Great Depression.

Self-reliance: Hoover’s belief that individuals should help themselves rather than rely on government aid.

Hawley-Smoot Tariff (1930): A high tariff on imported goods that worsened the global economic crisis.

Debt moratorium: A temporary halt on debt payments to prevent further economic collapse.

Farm Board: A government agency that tried to stabilize crop prices by buying surplus goods.

Reconstruction Finance Corporation: A government program that provided financial aid to banks and businesses to prevent economic collapse.

Bonus March (1932): A protest by World War I veterans demanding early payment of their bonuses, which was violently suppressed.

Topic 7.10:

Eleanor Roosevelt: First Lady and advocate for social reform, civil rights, and humanitarian efforts.

New Deal: President Franklin D. Roosevelt’s plan to combat the Great Depression through government programs and reforms.

Three R’s (relief, recovery, reform): The three goals of the New Deal: immediate relief for the needy, economic recovery, and financial reforms to prevent future crises.

Brain Trust: A group of advisors who helped Roosevelt develop New Deal policies.

Frances Perkins: The first female cabinet member, serving as Secretary of Labor and helping to create Social Security.

Hundred Days: The first three months of Roosevelt’s presidency, during which many major New Deal programs were passed.

Bank holiday: A temporary closure of banks to prevent financial panic and restore public confidence.

Repeal of Prohibition: The 21st Amendment ended Prohibition, allowing alcohol sales to generate tax revenue.

Fireside chats: Roosevelt’s radio speeches that reassured the public and explained New Deal policies.

Public Works Administration (PWA): A program that funded large-scale public works projects to create jobs.

Harold Ickes: A key New Deal official who oversaw public works projects.

Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC): A program that provided jobs to young men in environmental conservation projects.

Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA): A government program that built dams and power plants to provide electricity and jobs in the Tennessee Valley.

Emergency Banking Relief Act: A law that allowed the government to inspect banks and ensure their stability.

Glass-Steagall Act: A banking reform law that separated commercial and investment banking.

Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC): A program that insured bank deposits to prevent future bank runs.

National Recovery Administration (NRA): A New Deal agency that regulated industry to promote fair wages and prices.

Huey Long: A populist politician who proposed the “Share Our Wealth” program, advocating for wealth redistribution.

Supreme Court: Struck down several New Deal programs as unconstitutional, leading Roosevelt to propose court-packing.

Reorganization plan: Roosevelt’s failed attempt to add more justices to the Supreme Court to support his policies.

John L. Lewis: A labor leader who founded the Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO).

Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO): A labor union that organized industrial workers.

Sit-down strike: A strike where workers occupied factories to prevent employers from replacing them.

Fair Labor Standards Act: A law that established a minimum wage, maximum working hours, and banned child labor.

Minimum wage: The lowest wage an employer can legally pay workers.

Unemployment: Many Americans struggled to find work during the Depression.

Works Progress Administration (WPA): A massive program that created jobs in public works, arts, and education.

National Labor Relations (Wagner) Act (1935): A law protecting workers’ rights to unionize and bargain collectively.

Social Security Act (1935): A program that provided financial assistance to retirees, the unemployed, and disabled individuals.

Limited welfare state: The idea that government should provide basic social safety nets.

Modern American liberalism: A political philosophy that supports government intervention in the economy and social programs.

Election of 1936: Roosevelt won reelection by a landslide, signaling public support for the New Deal.

New Deal Coalition: A diverse group of voters, including workers, minorities, and progressives, who supported the Democratic Party.

Recession, 1937-1938: An economic downturn that occurred after Roosevelt cut government spending.

John Maynard Keynes: An economist who argued that government spending could help boost the economy.

Father Charles E. Coughlin: A Catholic priest and radio host who criticized Roosevelt and promoted anti-Semitic views.

Francis E. Townsend: A doctor who proposed a pension plan for the elderly, influencing Social Security.

“Depression mentality”: A mindset of financial insecurity and fear developed during the Great Depression.

Drought: A severe lack of rainfall that contributed to the Dust Bowl.

Dust Bowl: A period of severe dust storms in the Great Plains that devastated farms.

“Okies”: Farmers from Oklahoma and surrounding states who migrated to California to escape the Dust Bowl.

John Steinbeck, The Grapes of Wrath: A novel depicting the struggles of Dust Bowl migrants.

Marian Anderson: An African American singer who was denied a performance at the DAR Constitution Hall due to segregation but later sang at the Lincoln Memorial.

Mary McLeod Bethune: An African American educator and civil rights leader who advised Roosevelt.

Fair Employment Practices Committee: A government agency that aimed to prevent racial discrimination in hiring.

A. Philip Randolph: A civil rights leader who organized the first African American labor union.

Indian Reorganization Act (Wheeler-Howard Act): A law that aimed to restore tribal governance and cultural autonomy for Native Americans.

Topic 7.11: 

Disarmament: The reduction or elimination of military forces and weapons to prevent future wars.

Washington Conference (1921): A diplomatic meeting where major world powers agreed to limit naval armaments.

Five-Power (naval) treaty: An agreement among the U.S., Britain, Japan, France, and Italy to limit warship construction.

Nine-Power (China) treaty: A treaty affirming China’s sovereignty and open trade policies.

Kellogg-Briand Pact (1928): An international agreement that attempted to outlaw war as a tool of national policy.

War debts: Debts owed by European countries to the U.S. after World War I.

Reparations: Payments that Germany was required to make as compensation for World War I.

Dawes Plan (1924): A financial plan to help Germany repay its reparations and stabilize its economy.

Good Neighbor Policy: FDR’s policy of non-intervention in Latin America, improving U.S.-Latin American relations.

Pan-American conferences: Meetings between American nations to discuss cooperation and peace.

Recognition of the Soviet Union: The U.S. formally acknowledged the USSR as a legitimate government.

Independence of the Philippines: The U.S. promised independence to the Philippines (eventually granted in 1946).

Reciprocal trade agreements: Trade deals that reduced tariffs and promoted international commerce.

Japanese aggression in Manchuria: Japan’s invasion of Manchuria in 1931, leading to global condemnation.

Stimson Doctrine: The U.S. policy of not recognizing territorial changes made by force.

Axis Powers: The military alliance of Germany, Italy, and Japan during WWII.

Benito Mussolini: Fascist leader of Italy who allied with Hitler.

Fascist Party: A far-right nationalist movement that emphasized authoritarian rule.

Fascism: A political ideology that promotes dictatorship, nationalism, and suppression of opposition.

Nazi Party: Hitler’s totalitarian political party in Germany.

Adolf Hitler: Dictator of Nazi Germany responsible for World War II and the Holocaust.

Spanish Civil War: A conflict between fascist and republican forces in Spain (1936-1939), where Francisco Franco emerged victorious.

Francisco Franco: Fascist leader of Spain after the Spanish Civil War.

Ethiopia: Invaded by Mussolini’s Italy in 1935, demonstrating fascist expansionism.

Rhineland: A demilitarized region of Germany that Hitler reoccupied in 1936, violating the Treaty of Versailles.

Sudetenland: A region of Czechoslovakia that Hitler demanded and annexed in 1938.

Munich: The 1938 conference where Britain and France appeased Hitler by allowing him to take Sudetenland.

Appeasement: A policy of conceding to aggressive demands to avoid conflict, famously associated with British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain.

Poland: Germany’s invasion of Poland in 1939 triggered World War II.

Blitzkrieg: A German military strategy of fast-moving, surprise attacks to overwhelm enemies.

Gerald Nye: U.S. Senator who led investigations into the influence of arms manufacturers on U.S. involvement in WWI.

Neutrality Acts: A series of laws designed to keep the U.S. out of foreign wars by restricting trade and involvement.

America First Committee: A group that opposed U.S. entry into WWII, advocating isolationism.

Charles Lindbergh: A famous aviator and leading spokesperson for the America First movement.

Isolationism: The policy of avoiding political and military involvement in foreign conflicts.

Quarantine Speech: FDR’s 1937 speech urging action against aggressor nations to prevent war.

“Cash and Carry”: A policy allowing warring nations to buy U.S. weapons if they paid in cash and transported them themselves.

Selective Service Training and Service Act (1940): The first peacetime draft in U.S. history, preparing for possible war.

Destroyers-for-bases deal: The U.S. gave old warships to Britain in exchange for military base access.

Third term (FDR): FDR was the first U.S. president to be elected for a third term (1940).

Wendell Willkie: FDR’s Republican opponent in the 1940 presidential election.

“Four freedoms”: FDR’s vision of fundamental human rights: freedom of speech, worship, want, and fear.

Lend-Lease Act (1941): A policy that allowed the U.S. to lend military supplies to Allied nations.

Atlantic Charter: A joint declaration by FDR and Churchill outlining post-war goals for peace.

Pearl Harbor: The Japanese attack on a U.S. naval base on December 7, 1941, leading to U.S. entry into WWII.

Topic 7.12: 

Federal spending: Increased dramatically to fund the war.

Accumulated debt: The national debt grew due to war expenses.

Business and industry: Shifted to wartime production, creating economic growth.

Research and development: Led to new technologies like radar and atomic weapons.

Manhattan Project: The secret U.S. program that developed the atomic bomb.

Office of War Information: Managed propaganda and public information about the war.

“The Good War”: A term describing WWII’s moral justification.

Wartime migrations: Many Americans moved for war-related jobs, especially to industrial cities.

Battle of the Atlantic: The struggle to control Atlantic shipping lanes against German submarines.

“Strategic bombing”: A military tactic targeting enemy industrial and civilian centers.

Dwight Eisenhower: Supreme Allied Commander in Europe, leading D-Day and later becoming U.S. president.

D-Day: June 6, 1944, the Allied invasion of Nazi-occupied France.

Holocaust: The genocide of six million Jews and other minorities by Nazi Germany.

Battle of Midway: A major U.S. victory in the Pacific, turning the tide against Japan.

Island hopping: A strategy of capturing key islands to move closer to Japan.

Douglas MacArthur: U.S. general who led forces in the Pacific.

Kamikaze: Japanese suicide pilots who attacked Allied ships.

J. Robert Oppenheimer: The lead scientist of the Manhattan Project.

Atomic bomb: A nuclear weapon used to end WWII.

Hiroshima: The first city targeted by an atomic bomb on August 6, 1945.

Topic 7.13 & 7.14

Nagasaki: The second city targeted by an atomic bomb on August 9, 1945.

Harry S. Truman: Became president after FDR’s death, authorized atomic bomb use.

Big Three: FDR, Churchill, and Stalin, leaders of the U.S., Britain, and USSR.

Casablanca: A wartime conference where the Allies planned to demand unconditional surrender.

“Unconditional surrender”: The demand that Axis powers surrender without negotiations.

Tehran: A conference where the Big Three planned the final defeat of Nazi Germany.

Yalta: A conference deciding post-war Europe, including Soviet control over Eastern Europe.

Free elections: A point of contention as Stalin refused democratic elections in Eastern Europe.

Potsdam: A conference where the Allies issued a final warning to Japan.

United Nations: An international organization founded after WWII to promote peace.

Atomic weapons: Nuclear bombs that changed global warfare.