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b
Which of the following was the critical catalyst for antebellum reform movements? a. National government initiatives b. The Second Great Awakening c. State government initiatives d. Industrialization
a
What did Alexis de Tocqueville mean when he used the term individualism to describe American society in 1835? a. Americans lived in social isolation, without any ties to caste, class, association, or family. b. Americans valued and respected differing views on political topics. c. The American people welcomed all types of immigrants, regardless of ethnicity or religion. d. Most Americans were uninfluenced by political parties and did not vote by party lines.
d
The philosophy that people could gain mystical knowledge and harmony beyond the world of the senses is known as which of the following? a. Individualism b. The cult of domesticity c. Utopianism d. Transcendentalism
b
Ralph Waldo Emerson wrote about which of the following in his essays and lectures? a. He rejected traditional Biblical teachings and promoted atheism. b. He argued that people should reject old conventions and discover their original relation with nature. c. He defended traditional Calvinist theology, which had been challenged by the Second Great Awakening. d. He suggested that science and technology would lead humankind into a new era of enlightenment.
c
What did Ralph Waldo Emerson believe would promote an individual’s mystical union with God and achievement of self-realization? a. Hard physical labor b. Intensive, solitary study c. Spending time alone in nature d. Sexual intimacy
a
The American Lyceum movement of the 1830s engaged in which of the following efforts? a. Promoting the spread of knowledge through public lectures b. Advocating social nonconformity and civil disobedience c. Ending the era of utopian communal experiments d. Encouraging mob violence like the violence that killed Joseph Smith
a
Which of the following statements about Emerson is correct? a. He was a Unitarian minister who eventually rejected organized religion. b. His view of individualism promoted hard work and indulgent consumption. c. He resigned his pulpit due to his fear of public speaking. d. Emerson’s influence was briefly intense, but it did not stand the test of time.
a
Which of the following describes the purpose of Henry David Thoreau’s book Walden? a. It was written to document Walden’s spiritual search for meaning beyond the artificiality of “civilized” life. b. It was intended to serve as a guidebook for others who wanted to learn how to survive alone in the woods. c. The book sought to advise farmers on practical matters that would increase the profitability of small farms. d. It warned of the dangers that could arise from too many efforts to promote and create social reform.
b
Which of the following qualities did Henry David Thoreau urge in his readers, as demonstrated by the statement, “If a man does not keep pace with his companions, perhaps it is because he hears a different drummer”? a. Stubbornness b. Individuality c. Musicality d. Expressiveness
d
Henry David Thoreau, Margaret Fuller, and Ralph Waldo Emerson were well known for their involvement in which of the following movements? a. Temperance b. Prison reform c. Educational reform d. Transcendentalism
d
Who was a critic for the New York Tribune, an editor of The Dial, and the author of Woman in the Nineteenth Century? a. Harriet Beecher Stowe b. Susan B. Anthony c. Angelina Grimké d. Margaret Fuller
b
Which of the following is properly paired? a. Henry David Thoreau—Uncle Tom’s Cabin b. Walt Whitman—Leaves of Grass c. Nathaniel Hawthorne—The American Scholar d. Herman Melville—The Scarlet Letter
d
Which of the following did Nathaniel Hawthorne and Herman Melville have in common? a. Both celebrated the positive potential of the individual. b. They wrote mostly of the past and ignored current realities in the United States. c. Both warned against the restrictions imposed on individuals by social groups. d. They criticized transcendentalism and warned against excessive individualism.
c
Which of the following describes the residents of the Brook Farm community of the 1840s? a. Brook Farm’s residents pioneered the use of advanced farming techniques. b. They practiced nineteenth-century versions of free love and communism. c. They wanted to combine farming with study and a lively intellectual life. d. Brook Farm’s residents consisted mostly of families and single women.
a
In the late 1840s and the 1850s, Emersonians did which of the following? a. Abandoned their quest to create new social institutions b. Rejected cash donations from wealthy followers, calling such donations “tainted funds” c. Created dozens of utopian settlements throughout New England and the Midwest d. Suggested that most workers were incapable of higher learning
b
The Shakers’ name came from which of the following? a. The name of their founder b. Their particular form of worship c. The town in which they originated d. Their efforts to transform society
d
Which of the following describes the nineteenth-century Shakers? a. They believed men were spiritually weaker than women. b. They excluded African Americans in order to maintain racial purity. c. Men greatly outnumbered women in Shaker communities. d. They allowed both women and men to govern their communities.
b
Which of the following describes the Fourierist movement in America? a. Fourierists inspired Susan B. Anthony and helped launch the women’s rights movement. b. It demonstrated the difficulty of creating enduring utopian communities. c. Mormonism was founded on the principles of Fourierism. d. It created a lasting and uniquely American style of furniture.
b
Which of the following was an evangelical movement that believed the Second Coming of Christ had already occurred and people could attain complete freedom from sin? a. Mormonism b. Perfectionism c. Fourierism d. Transcendentalism
a
The Oneida Community, founded in 1839 by John Humphrey Noyes, was known for which of the following practices? a. Complex marriage b. Monogamy c. Celibacy d. Equality of men and women
d
Why are the Oneidians, Shakers, and Fourierists historically significant? a. All of these groups exercised great influence over American politics. b. These utopians all criticized capitalism but made tremendous profits through manufacturing. c. They repudiated heterosexual sex and sexuality. d. They articulated criticisms of the class divisions created by the market economy.
b
Which of the following describes The Book of Mormon, published in 1830? a. It was a historical account of the Mormons’ westward migration to Utah. b. It claimed that Jesus Christ visited an ancient American civilization soon after his resurrection. c. The book offered a detailed explanation and justification of the Mormons’ social philosophy. d. The book was written anonymously by anti-Mormons to discredit Mormon beliefs.
a
Which of the following contributed to the harassment and persecution of Mormons at Nauvoo in the early 1840s? a. Mormons’ power as a voting bloc in local elections b. Mormons’ plan to make plural marriage legal in Illinois c. Their declaration of war against the Illinois militia d. Their widespread ownership of slaves
b
For which of the following reasons did the Salt Lake Mormons succeed and thrive in the nineteenth century even as other social experiments failed? a. The Mormon Church successfully monopolized Utah’s vast natural mineral wealth. b. Mormon society had strong, hierarchical leadership. c. The group rejected evangelicalism in favor of natural reproduction. d. Mormon leaders embraced violent tactics to keep followers in line.
c
Which of the following factors was critical in the ballooning populations of cities like New York in the mid-nineteenth century? a. The rapid increase in life expectancy b. America’s relatively high birthrate c. Immigration d. The growth of urban culture
b
Which of these factors contributed to the tremendous increase in commercialized sex in the new cities of the mid-nineteenth century? a. Mainstream churches’ timidity about addressing sexual issues explicitly b. The subsistence wages and exploitative conditions of women’s jobs c. An influx of immigrants from southern and eastern European counties d. Cities’ refusal to pass legislation banning prostitution and pornography
d
Which of the following describes the minstrel shows that became popular in American cities in the 1840s? a. They were pioneered by P. T. Barnum, who founded the Barnum & Bailey Circus. b. Minstrel shows celebrated the lifestyle of the “b’hoys.” c. Minstrel shows contributed to the problem of prostitution in the big cities. d. They were a popular form of entertainment and social criticism.
b
Which of the following factors contributed to the rise of anti-immigrant sentiment in American cities in the mid-nineteenth century? a. Male promiscuity b. Minstrel shows c. Prostitution d. The Democratic Party
b
In the early 1800s, free blacks in the North were encouraged to “elevate” themselves through which of the following activities? a. Legal reform b. Temperance c. Political activism d. Forming friendships with whites
a
In his 1829 pamphlet, An Appeal . . . to the Colored Citizens of the World, David Walker did which of the following? a. He justified slave rebellion and warned white Americans that violence and retribution would come if justice were delayed. b. He appealed to the religious consciences of slaveholders to recognize slavery as being morally wrong. c. He approved of colonization programs to establish an African republic for freed American slaves. d. He urged slaves not to rebel but to seek comfort in their relationships and religious activities instead.
c
Which of the following was a result of the Turner Rebellion of the 1830s? a. The rebels won their freedom. b. A national convention of African American activists met in Philadelphia. c. Tougher slave codes and restrictions were implemented. d. Rioting erupted in northern cities.
b
As a result of Turner’s Rebellion, the Virginia legislature did which of the following in the 1830s? a. It refused to even consider a bill providing for gradual emancipation and colonization. b. It debated but rejected a bill providing for gradual emancipation and colonization. c. It adopted a resolution supporting the colonization of all of Virginia’s free blacks. d. It called on slave owners to treat their slaves more humanely in order to prevent future slave rebellions.
a
Which of the following statements is true about William Lloyd Garrison? a. He attacked the U.S. Constitution because it condoned slavery. b. He was motivated by political, not religious, concerns. c. Garrison believed violence was an acceptable means for ending American slavery. d. Garrison called for the institution of gradual abolition in all states.
d
How did women participate in the abolition movement in the mid-eighteenth century? a. Female abolitionists often discussed issues of slavery among themselves, but they had limited involvement in the movement. b. Women were not active in the abolition movement. c. Women interested in abolition attended meetings with their husbands but did not actively participate in the societies. d. Women abolitionists established influential groups such as the Philadelphia Female Anti-Slavery Society.
a
In their book American Slavery as It Is, Theodore Dwight Weld and the Grimké sisters a. presented testimony from individual southerners about the evils of slavery. b. refuted William Lloyd Garrison’s position on the necessity of African colonization. c. openly criticized individuals who did not agree with their views on slavery. d. appealed to the economic interests of southerners by arguing that slavery was unprofitable.
d
In its campaign to end slavery, the American Anti-Slavery Society embraced which of the following tactics? a. Smuggling weapons to slaves for use in an eventual uprising b. Purchasing and freeing slaves threatened with a sale that would break up their families c. Mounting civil disobedience actions and mass demonstrations to protest slavery d. Sponsoring public lectures and collecting signatures on antislavery petitions
b
Abolitionist leaders used which of the following in their crusade to end slavery in the middle of the 1800s? a. Lecture tours demanding the end of the international slave trade b. Aid to fugitive slaves c. Continuous demonstrations against slavery outside the White House d. Financial support for free blacks willing to foment rebellion in the South
b
Which of the following individuals went to jail rather than pay taxes in support of the Mexican War and slavery? a. Ralph Waldo Emerson b. Henry David Thoreau c. William Lloyd Garrison d. Sarah Grimké
a
Why did many northern wage earners not support abolition in the mid-eighteenth century? a. Wageworkers feared that freed blacks would work for lower wages and compete for jobs. b. The northerners supported slavery only because of the belief of black inferiority. c. They were interested in maintaining the English Protestant society of the North. d. They did not want the Baptists beliefs held by many slaves to spread to the North.
b
Mob violence against abolitionist efforts in the 1830s and 1840s was a. confined to border and southern cities such as Baltimore, St. Louis, and Nashville. b. often directed against “respectable” black organizations such as churches and against orphanages. c. directed only at free black communities and the homes of prominent abolitionists. d. responsible for the deaths of hundreds of abolitionists and free blacks during this period.
b
What was the gag rule passed by the House of Representatives in 1836? a. It suspended the writ of habeas corpus for any abolitionist speaker arrested for violating antiabolitionist laws. b. The policy automatically tabled and prevented discussion of any antislavery petitions received by the House. c. It prevented southern politicians from giving proslavery speeches on the floor of the House. d. The rule made it a federal crime to distribute abolitionist tracts in any state where slavery was legal.
c
By the early 1840s, Garrison and his supporters in the American Anti-Slavery Society had transformed their agenda in which of the following ways? a. They softened their rhetoric in an effort to end pro-slavery activists’ violent attacks on lecturers. b. The group joined the Tappan brothers and Theodore Weld to form the American and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society. c. They advocated a broad-based reform program, embracing women’s rights as well as the rights of American blacks. d. The group decided that working for abolitionism within existing institutions was more effective than creating new ones.
c
Who founded the Liberty Party in 1840? a. William Lloyd Garrison, after he broke with most of the other abolitionist leaders b. Theodore Dwight Weld, who sought to unify the antislavery movement c. Antislavery leaders who had broken with Garrison d. Proslavery advocates in both the North and the South
a
The public movement for women’s rights developed out of which of the following sources in the 1840s? a. The Second Great Awakening b. Mormonism c. The American Revolution d. The Oneida Community
c
Mid-nineteenth-century publications such as Godey’s Lady’s Book and Catharine Beecher’s Treatise on Domestic Economy did which of the following? a. Advocated women’s right to vote and hold elected offices b. Promoted the notion that higher education would make women better mothers c. Emphasized the social importance of homemaking and domesticity d. Promoted less restrictive feminine clothing to protect women’s health
a
What was the purpose of the Female Moral Reform Society, which middle-class New York women founded in 1834? a. To provide moral guidance for young, working women who were living away from their families b. To create new opportunities for male and female reformers to work together as equals in the same organization c. To create a network of schools to train young, middle-class women in manners and morals d. To condemn prostitution and punish young women who participated in urban prostitution
b
Efforts by women reformers to regulate sexual behavior resulted in laws in Massachusetts and New York that did which of the following? a. Banned the manufacture, distribution, and sale of birth control devices b. Made seduction of women a crime c. Banned the common practice of abortion d. Made solicitation of prostitutes a crime
b
Horace Mann and Catharine Beecher were both actively involved in which of the following movements in the 1840s? a. Prison reform b. Educational reform c. Temperance d. Abolition
d
Why did Harriet Beecher Stowe pen her novel Uncle Tom’s Cabin, which was published in 1852? a. She wanted to promote African colonization as the best solution to the evils of slavery. b. She wanted women to leave any church that did not preach against slavery. c. She wanted more white Northern women to join abolitionist societies. d. Stowe sought to depict slavery as degrading to slave women.
b
During the 1840s, American women’s rights activists focused on which of the following goals? a. Challenging the conventional division of labor within the family b. Strengthening the legal rights of married women c. Making it easier for married women to file for divorce d. Educating women about birth control and abortion
Note 
Flashcard (50)