Lala

Blood

CSF is derived from the _____ and secreted by the choroid plexus.

CSF

A clear, colorless liquid which in normal individuals contains a very small amount of protein and differs from blood.

Cerebrospinal Arachnoid Spaces

CSF fills the ventricles and passes through the _____________ _________ ______ and drains back into the blood largely through the arachnoid granulations and villi.

Arachnoid Granulations - Villi

CSF fills the ventricles and passes through the cerebrospinal subarachnoid spaces and drains back into the blood largely through the _________ ____________ and _____.

Interstitial Fluid

Is also derived from the blood and may alter substantially, both in composition and in amount.

Perivascular Spaces - Paravascular Compartments

Major pathways for the drainage of interstitial fluid, particularly from grey matter regions of the brain, are along ____________ _______ and through ____________ ____________ of the subarachnoid space to regional lymph nodes.

Lymph Nodes

Major pathways for the drainage of interstitial fluid, particularly from grey matter regions of the brain, are along perivascular spaces and through paravascular compartments of the subarachnoid space to regional _____ _____.

Aqueduct of Sylvius

The ventricular system in the cerebral hemispheres and hindbrain consists of two lateral ventricles and the midline and fourth ventricles connected by the ________ __ _______.

Interventricular Foramina

Connects the lateral vesicles to the 3rd ventricle.

Cerebral Aqueduct

Connects the 3rd and 4th ventricles.

Foramen of Luschka - Foramen of Magendie

Connects the 4th ventricle to the spinal canal (2).

Internal Carotid Artery - Vertebral Artery

Circle of Willis has 2 ________ _______ ______ and 2 _________ ______.

Spinal Nerves

Paths of communication between the spinal cord and regions of the body.

1-8

Cervical nerve is from C_ to C_.

1-12

Brachial nerve is from T_ to T__.

1-5

Lumbar plexus is from L_ to L_.

1-5

Sacral nerve is from S_ to S_.

Medulla Oblongata

Spinal cord extends from the _______ _________ of the brain to the superior border of the second lumbar vertebrae.

Second Lumbar Vertebrae

Spinal cord extends from the medulla oblongata of the brain to the superior border of the ______ ______ _________.

Roots - Cauda Equina - Intervertebral Foramina - Rami

Spinal nerves have these 4 components.

Posterior Root

Root of sensory axons.

Anterior Root

Root of motor axons.

Cauda Equina

Innervates the pelvic organs and the lower limbs.

Intervertebral Foramina

Spinal nerves exit here.

Rami

When spinal nerves have exited from intervertebral foramina.

Plexus

A network of axons of anterior rami of spinal nerves on the right and left sides of the body (except for T2-T12).

Cervical Plexus

A network of nerves formed by communications between the anterior rami or the upper 4 cervical nerves.

Internal Jugular Vein - SCM

Cervical plexus lies posterior to the ________ _______ ____ and the ___ muscles.

Cervical Plexus

Supplies the back and sides of the head, and front of the neck.

Phrenic Nerve

Supplies the diaphragm (for respiration).

Superficial - Cutaneous

What are the 2 branches of cervical plexus?

Lesser Occipital Nerve

Comes from the second cervical ventral ramis and sometimes also from the third.

C2

Lesser occipital nerve comes from which cervical nerve?

Lesser Occipital - Great Auricular - Transverse Cervical

What are the 3 ascending branches of the nerve?

Medial Supraclavicular - Intermediate Supraclavicular - Lateral Supraclavicular

What are the 3 descending branches of the nerve?

Lesser Occipital Nerve

Nerve that comes from the second cervical ventral ramus and sometimes also from the third.

Accessory Nerve

The lesser occipital nerve curves around the _________ _____ along the posterior border of the SCM.

Lesser Occipital Nerve

Supplies the skin on the upper third of the medial auricular aspect.

Great Auricular Nerve

The lesser occipital nerve connects with the posterior branch of the?

Great Auricular Nerve

The largest ascending branch.

Great Auricular Nerve

It arises from the second and third cervical rami, encircles the posterior border of the SCM.

Great Auricular Nerve

Supplies the skin over the mastoid process and on the back of the auricle, the lobule, and concha.

Great Auricular Nerve

Communicates with the lesser occipital, the auricular branch of the vagus and the posterior auricular branch of the facial nerve.

Transverse Cervical Nerve

Branch that arises from the second and third cervical rami, curves round the posterior border of the SCM.

Transverse Cervical Nerve

Branch that perforates the deep cervical fascia, dividing under the platysma into ascending and descending branches distributed to the anterolateral areas of the neck.

Transverse Cervical Nerve

Distributed to the skin of the upper anterior areas of the neck and anterolaterally to the skin of the neck, as low as the sternum.

Supraclavicular Nerves

These arise by a common trunk from the third and fourth cervical ventral rami and emerge from the posterior border of the SCM, to descend under the platysma and the deep cervical fascia.

Medial Supraclavicular Nerves

Supply the skin as far as the midline and as low as the second rib. They supply the sternoclavicular joint.

Intermediate Supraclavicular Nerves

Cross the clavicle to supply the skin over the pectoralis major and deltoid down to the level of the second rib.

Lateral Supraclavicular Nerves

Supplies the skin of the upper and posterior parts of the shoulder.

Phrenic Nerve

Arises chiefly from the ventral ramus C4, but also has contributions from the C3 and C5.

Phrenic Nerve

The sole motor supply to the diaphragm, and also contains widespread sensory fibers.

Lumbar Plexus

Innervates the anterolateral wall, external genitals, part of the lower limbs.

Sacral Nerve

Innervates the buttocks, perineum, lower limbs.

C5 - C6

What nerves are damaged in erb’s palsy/waiter’s tip (2)?

C8 - T1

What nerves are damaged in claw hand (2)?

Long Thoracic Nerve

What nerve is damaged in winged scapula?

Radial Nerve

What nerve is damaged in wrist drop?

Common Peroneal Nerve

What nerve is damaged in foot drop?

SCM - Trapezius - Levator Scapula - Scalenius Medium - Scalenius Posterior

Lateral deep branches (muscular) goes to (5)?

Spinal Accessory Nerves

Lateral deep branches (communicating) goes to?

C2 - C3 - C4

SCM is connected to which plexuses (3)?

C2 - C3

Trapezius is connected to which plexuses (2)?

C3 - C4

Levator scapulae is connected to which plexuses (2)?

C2 - C3 - C4

Accessory nerve is connected to which plexuses (3)?

Prevertebral Muscles - Infrahyoid Muscles thru the Ansa Hypoglossa - Diaphragm thru the Phrenic Nerve

Medial deep branches (muscular) goes to (3)?

Vagus Nerve - Hypoglossal Nerve - Sympathetic Nerve

Medial deep branches (connecting) goes to (3)?

Phrenic Nerve

What is the most important medial branch?

C2 - C3 - C4

Phrenic nerve is derived from which nerves (3)?

C1 - C2 - C3

Ansa hypoglossi is formed by which spinal nerves (3)?

Superior Root - Inferior Root - Loop of Ansa Cervicalis

What are the 3 parts of ansa hypoglossi?

Brachial Plexus

Innervates the shoulders and upper limbs.