Psych 255

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77 Terms

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Brain

Produces behavior and what is affected by behavior

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Behavior

An observable phenomenon produced by the nervous system that has both a cause and a function

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three controversies

Nature vs nurture

Perspective on Brain and Behaviour

The evolution of evolution

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Nature vs Nurture

both

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Perspective on Brain and Behaviour

mentslism

Dualism

Materialism

Phones Gage

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Mentalism-Aristotle

An explanation of behavior as a function of the nonmaterial mind

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Dualism-Descartes

A nonmaterial mind and the material body contribute to behavior

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Dualism-Rene Descartes

Mind regulates behavior by directing the flow of ventricular fluid to appropriate muscles (pineal body and ventricles)

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Materialism

Behavior can be explained as a function of the nervous system without explanatory recourse to the mind

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Phineas Gage

If you physical change the brain it will change who you are 

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The evolution of evolution

Evolution and Natural selection

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Natural Selection (Darwin)

Organisms that have advantageous traits for the environment that they live in will be able to survive and procreate, thus passing on their advantageous traits to the next generation

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Implications of natural selections

brains/ neurone are related

behaviours are related

complexity in brain and behaviour evolved gradually, in response toenvironmental demands & experience

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How are traits selected naturally

Genetic variation —> Adaptive trait —> increases chances of survival —> trait passed on to offspring

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Why study the brain and behavior?

Many behavioral disord

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Dorsal

Up, above, or superior

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Ventral

Down, Below, inferior

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Lateral

Left, side

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Medial

Right, Middle

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Anterior

Front, rostral

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Posterior

Behind, Tail, Caudal

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Horizontal planes

Anterior to Posterior

<p><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(0, 0, 0)">Anterior to Posterior</span></p>
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Sagittal planes

Lateral to Medial

<p><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(0, 0, 0)">Lateral to Medial</span></p>
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Coronal plane

Dorsal to Ventral

<p><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(0, 0, 0)">Dorsal to Ventral</span></p>
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Contralateral

left motor cortex works the right hand) vise versa 

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Ipsilateral

right olfactory bulb works the right olfactory cortex) vise versa

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Efferent

outgoing

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Afferent

incoming

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Create a sensory reality (first primary function)

Our sense organs receive information and send it to our brain and our brian interprets it and provides information to us about the world.

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Integrate and store information (second primary function)

We hear something (take in information) we integrated in to understand it and we store it for X amount of time

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Produce behavioral response (third primary function)

What we do after we hear the noise. We get up and check it out, we ignore it

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Nervous system

Is made up of the brian, spinal cord, and nerves (cranial nerves and spinal nerves)

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Central Nervous System

Brain and Spinal Cord (receives , processes, interprets, stores and responds to sensory information)

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Spinal Cord

Spinal Reflex

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Peripheral Nervous System

Somatic NS and Autonomic NS (affect nerves and effect nerves)

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somatic NS

12 pairs of Cranial nerves

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Sensory fibers

Dorsal side of spinal cord

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Motor fibers

Ventral side of spinal cord

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Sympathetic Nervous System

Initiates “fight or flight”response

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Parasympathetic system

Allows body to “rest and digest

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Meninges

dura mater

arachnoid layer

pia mater

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layers of the head

skull

Meninges (dura mater, arachnoid layer, pia ater)

subarachnoid space filled with CSF)

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knowt flashcard image
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Major Fissures

Central fissure

longitudinal fissure

lateral fissures

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internal features

white matter

gray matter

ventricle

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white matter

areas of the nervous system rich in fat-sheathed neural axon

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grab matter

areas of the nervous system predominately composed of cell bodies and blood vessels

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ventricle

a cavity in the brain that produces and contains cerebrospinal fluid

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Ventricular system

lateral ventricles

third ventricle

fourth ventricle

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Corpus callous

band of fibres connecting the two cerebral hemispheres

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the brainstem

hindbrain

midbrain

diencephalon

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hindbrain

cerebellum

medulla oblongata

pons

reticular formation

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cerebellum

motor coordinations

cognitive functions

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midbrain

tectum

tegmenjtum

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tectum

superior colliculi —> visual

inferior colliculi —> auditory

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diencephalon

hypothalamus

thalamus

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forbrain

neocortex

limic system

basal ganglia

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basal ganglia

important for controlling voluntary movements

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limbic system

Amygdala
Hippocampus

Cingulate cortex

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Amygdala

emotion processing

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hippocampus

involved in memory and spatial navigation

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Cingulate Cortex

cognitive and emotional processing

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occipital lobe

visual functions

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parietal lobe

movement programming

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temporal lobe

auditory function

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frontal lobe

ensures behavior is appropriate for context

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neocortical maps

cytoarchitectonics used to make cortical maps

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NS creates movement and perception

The nervous system creates a perceptual reality for each of us.. And allows us to act within this reality 

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The NS is forever changing (plasticity)

The brain is physically changed by experience

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Many of the bairns circuits are crossed

Most sensory inputs to the brain and motor outputs from the brain are crossed

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Functions are produced by Neuronal Circuits

Neurons don't working in isolation– rather function are reproduced by circuits of neurons working together

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Brain is symmetric and asymmetric

  • Structural asymmetry 

    • Planum temporale 

  • Structural symmetry 

    • Primary sensory and motor cortices 

  • Functional asymmetry 

    • Language vs. music and prosody 

  • Functional symmetry 

    • Sensory and motor control 

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Hierarchical and parallel origination

Sensory and motor processing occurs at multiple levels of the CNS

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Sensory and motor divisions

  • Peripheral nervous system 

    • Spinal nerves 

    • Cranial nerves 

  • Central nervous system 

    • Spinal cord all the way up to the cortex

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Sensory input divided for object recognition and motor control

  • Sensory information is used for

  • These processes take place in parallel, in distinct neural regions 

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Function Localized and distributed

  • Basic functions are localized (controlled by a specific brian area) 

  • Whereas complex functions are distributed (multiple localized areas play a role in the function) 

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Brain uses excitation and inhibition

Brain work is using both excitation and inhibition