AP World Unit 5

Why and how was the civil service reformed in china?

• corrupt civil services taking and using bribes to get positions

• abandoned ancient tradition in favor of modern benefits

compare young turks and ottoman gov reaction to reforms

young turks wanted to push industrializing

at first accepted but fearful of reforms overthrowing gov power. repressed young turks

What countries had “bottom up” industrialization

• US

• Britain

• Germany

What countries pushed industrialization from the government(top down)

• Russia

• China

• Japan

• Egypt

• Japan

What two resources helped Britain greatly during industrialization?

coal and iron

major inventions that improved communication for transportation and trade

• street light/train/cars

• telegraph

• telephone

• radio

What main fuels/resources were used in the first industrial revolution vs the second revolution

first:

• coal -steam engine

• running water

second:

• steel

• oil

• electricity

what railroad did Russia build and how did it help them?

transsiberian railroad for trade with eastern countries 

focus on exports

• Grew coal, iron, steel industries

what was majority of U.S human capital(workforce)?

 mainly from immigrants and migrants from rural areas

germany industrialization delayed because

politcally fragmented

why was french industrialization delayed?

• Low population 

• Focus on french revolution and aftermath

3 factors for industrialization

1. Capital 

2. Natural resources 

3. Water transportation

How did Ottomans try to keep empire together?

• Minimized ethnic, language and religion difference in empire 

what unintended effect did Ottoman attempt for unification have?

 pointed out differences and need for independence

what did decline of ottomans lead to in many ottoman controlled regions?

greater freedom, new ideas

Nationalism with language, traditions religion, history

How did the Greek win their independence

• Exposure to western Europe and saw impact of ancient greek culture sparking greek nationalism 

• War against ottoman with help of british, french and russian brought independence

what did liberalism led to in Prussia and Austria

Revolution

political change

- philosophers developed new political ideas about the individual and government
- some political reforms were enacted that included the extension of voting rights to city dwellers, non landowners, and working class

political continuities

- women didn't have the right to vote
- political movements were almost always connected to the interests of the growing middle and working class

social changes

- the need for factory labor increased
- the working class formed worker associations and labor unions

social continuities

- pre-industrial occupations continued to be apart of the middle class
- women were still supported by the labor and income of their male family members

Economic changes

in western Europe, access to abundant natural resources, trans-oceanic trade routes, and financial capital combined with an increasing population resulted in a leadership role in industrialization

Economic continuities

some regions of the world continued to produce minerals, crops, and other resources as they had done in previous eras

Who were the upper class

Industrialists and owners of large corporations

Who was in the middle class

Factory and office managers, small business owners, and professionals

How did middle class and poor women experience industrial life differently

Poor women took jobs in domestic service and the textile industries, spending less time at home. Middle class women, with no economic responsibilities, felt limited by household roles

Hundred Days of Reform

A series of Western-style reforms launched in 1898 by the Chinese government in an attempt to meet the foreign challenge; included the abolition of the civil service exam, the end to corruption, western style industrialization, commercial systems, and medical systems.

Self-Strengthening Movement

A late nineteenth century movement in which the Chinese modernized their army and encouraged Western investment in factories and railways

Young Turks

A coalition favoring modernist liberal reform of the Ottoman Empire.

forced into exile.

It was against monarchy of Ottoman Sultan and instead favored a constitution.

In 1908 they succeed in establishing a new constitutional era.

Millets

Religious communities in the Ottoman Empire; separate legal courts based on religion

Tanzimat Reforms

Series of reforms in the Ottoman Empire between 1839 and 1876;

established Western-style universities (military, engineering and civil service)

sultans worked to root out corruption

resulted in creation of new constitution

Scientific Socialism

Socialism would replace capitalism and the final stage of economic development would be communism

Karl Marx

philosopher, political economist, sociologist, humanist, political theorist, and revolutionary.

father of communism

Analysis of history led to his belief that communism would replace capitalism as it replaced feudalism.

The Reform Bill of 1867

Granted suffrage to all male British citizens

Reform Bill of 1832

British legislation that extended the vote to most male members of the middle class.

empiricism

Fl Philosophical approach that emphasizes knowledge gained through sensory experience and observation, rejecting innate or a priori knowledge. It asserts that all knowledge is derived from evidence and experimentation rather than abstract reasoning or speculation.

What is utilitarianism?

actions are right if they are useful or for the benefit of a majority.

John Stuart Mill

English philosopher and economist for

empiricism and utilitarianism

addressed the growing inhumanity of the industrial era.

Worked to allow labor unions, limit child labor, and ensure safe working conditions.

His ideas became the standard adopted in industrial societies

Consumerism

A preoccupation with the purchasing of material goods. As standards of living rose, people had more disposable income that could be spent on goods.

John D. Rockefeller

Established the Standard Oil Company, oil monopoly in the United States

stock market

A system for buying and selling shares of companies

What were Britian’s industrial advantages that sparked the beginning of the industrial revolution and made it a global superpower in trade?

• mineral resources(coal most important

• colonial resources

• abundant rivers for transportation

• strong fleets - defense and commercial

• protection of private property

• quick growing population and urbanization

Eli Withney’s interchangeable parts invention led directly to what type of working style?

division of labour

What factors led to the industrial revolution?

1) new technology

2) Columbian exchange

3) rise of maritime trading empires

4) increased agricultural productivity

5) increased capital for individuals

What were the effects of economic developments on culture

for some a culture of consumerism and leisure

impact of Adam Smith’s “Wealth of Nations”

supported capitalism, private entrepreneurship, shaping economics and politics during this period

Examples of Japanese reforms

• abolished feudalism

• constitutional monarchy

• equality for law

• reorganized military

• railroads and roads

• industrialization in key industries: tea, silk, weapons, ship

Explain Meiji Restoration

Japanese citizens overthrew the shogun and restored power to emperor

Why did trading states want to interact with Japan?

Wanted to sell and use as refuel while sailing to eastern countries

how was Egypt industrialized?

• textile factories to compete with French and British

• factories to build arms, ships

• many shops and businesses in markets

Problems of Ottoman Empire that explain why they struggled to industrialize

• overexpansion

• failure to modernize

• weak/corrupt leadership

• lost control over land and people

• nationalism amongst separate ethnic groups

Why was china unable to promote industrialization?

opium wars and domination from western world

Industrialized countries sought to protect what by doing what?

protect access to resources by establishing colonies

What linked different types of people globally?

desire for capital and products of industrialization like railroad, steamship, telegraph

What contributed to the development of the US as an industrial nation?

vast natural resources(timber, coal, oil etc) and ability to transport efficiently(transcontinental railroad)

What contributed to the rise of populations from 1750s-1900s?

Food distributions

Agricultural productivity

True or false: the hatian revolution was led by leaders from various classes?

True

The creoles not having enough power is a key factor in what revolution?

latin american revolution

What revolution in the Caribbean is associated with the French revolution?

Haitian.

was controlled by French gov

What world changes did the enlightenment contribute to?

abolishment of slavery

establishment of hierarchal societies

What did the Meiji restoration open up Japan to?

rapid industrialization

Labor specialization was caused by? There are 2 answers.

The Industrial revolution

development of factory systems

The French Declaration Rights of Man and the Declaration of Independence are most associated with?

Protection of private property

Great Britain was the first to use what type of machines in large scale economic production?

steam power

Enlightenment

A philosophical movement which started in Europe in the 1700's and spread to the colonies. It emphasized reason and the scientific method. Writers of the Enlightenment tended to focus on government, ethics, and science, rather than on imagination, emotions, or religion. Many members of the Enlightenment rejected traditional religious beliefs in favor of Deism, which holds that the world is run by natural laws without the direct intervention of God.

Social Contract

An Enlightenment concept; an agreement between the people and their government signifying their consent to be governed; popular in the 16th-18th centuries among theorists such as Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, and Jean-Jacques Rousseau, as a means of explaining the origin of government and the obligations of subjects.

Natural Rights

rights granted to all people by nature or God that cannot be denied or restricted by any government or individual; are often said to be granted to people by "natural law." Often discussed by Enlightenment thinker John Locke

Deism

A popular Enlightenment era belief that there is a God, but that God isn't involved in people's lives or in revealing truths to prophets.

Liberalism

A political ideology that emphasizes the civil rights of citizens, representative government, and the protection of private property. This ideology, derived from the Enlightenment, was especially popular among the property-owning middle classes.

Empiricism

the view that knowledge originates in experience and that science should, therefore, rely on observation and experimentation

Nationalism

sense of commonality based on language, religion, social customs, and territory; sometimes harnessed by governments to foster a sense of unity

Feminism

the belief that women should possess the same political and economic rights as men; became popular during the Enlightenment

Mary Wollstonecraft

English writer and early feminist who denied male supremacy and advocated equal education for women; wrote A Vindication of the Rights of Women, a famous feminist document in 1792

Suffrage

the right to vote in political elections

End of Serfdom

Most important reform of Russian Czar Alexander II; 1861-1865

Declaration of Independence

1776 statement, issued by the Second Continental Congress, explaining why the colonies wanted independence from Britain.

Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen

Adopted August 26, 1789, statement of fundamental political rights adopted by the French National Assembly at the beginning of the French Revolution.

Jamaica Letter

A was a document written in Jamaica by South American revolutionary leader Simon Bolivar where he famously expanded his views on thee independence movement in Venezuela and the way the government under the way they tried to operate.

Reign of Terror

(1793-1794) during the French Revolution when thousands were executed for "disloyalty;" led by Robespierre who tried rebels and had them executed often by guillotine

Simon Bolivar

The most important military leader in the struggle for independence in South America. Born in Venezuela, he led military forces there and in Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia.

Toussaint L'Ouverture

Was an important leader of the Haitian Revolution and the first leader of a free Haiti; in a long struggle again the institution of slavery, he led the blacks to victory over the whites and free coloreds and secured native control over the colony in 1797, calling himself a dictator.

Realpolitik

practical politics, ends justified the means, power more important than principles; utilized by Otto von Bismarck to unify Germany

Otto von Bismarck

Chancellor of Prussia from 1862 until 1871, when he became chancellor of Germany. A conservative nationalist, he led Prussia to victory against Austria (1866) and France (1870) in order to create a sense of national unity; assisted German unification in 1871

Peninsulares

Spanish-born, came to Latin America; ruled, highest social class in Latin America since they were the least likely to have "tainted bloodlines"

Creoles

Descendents of Spanish-born but born in Latin America; resented inferior social, political, economic status.

Industrial Revolution

A period of rapid growth in the use of machines in manufacturing and production that began in England c. 1750

cottage industry

Manufacturing based in homes rather than in a factory, commonly found before the Industrial Revolution; work was highly skilled and valued

factory system

A method of production that brought many workers and machines together into one building; replaced localized cottage industry. Workers were paid by the hour instead of for what they produce; decreased the need for skilled labor and led to exploitation of workers

seed drill

created by Jethro Tull, it allowed farmers to sow seeds in well-spaced rows at specific depths; this boosted crop yields and population growth

Spinning Jenny

This machine played an important role in the mechanization of textile production; conceived c. 1764 by James Hargreaves, an English weaver.

crop rotation

The practice of rotating use of different fields from crop to crop each year, to avoid exhausting the soil; utilized during the c. 1750 time period and led to increased crop yields and growing population

Enclosure Movement

consolidation and privatization of small landholdings/common lands into a smaller number of large farms in England c. 1700; contributed to the increase in population and the rise of industrialization as farmers were displaced and needed to find work in the cities

steam engine

A machine that turns the energy released by burning fuel into motion. Thomas Newcomen built the first crude but workable one in 1712. James Watt vastly improved his device in the 1760s and 1770s. It was then applied to machinery.

Second Industrial Revolution

(1871-1914) Involved development of chemical, electrical, oil, and steel industries. Mass production of consumer goods also developed at this time through the mechanization of the manufacture of food and clothing. It saw the popularization of cinema and radio. Provided widespread employment and increased production.

telegraph

A device for rapid, long-distance transmission of information over an electric wire. It was introduced in England and North America in the 1830s and 1840s.

Muhammad Ali

Leader of Egyptian modernization in the early nineteenth century. He ruled Egypt as an Ottoman governor, but had imperial ambitions. His descendants ruled Egypt until overthrown in 1952.

Meiji Restoration

In 1868, a Japanese state-sponsored industrialization and Westernization effort that also involved the elimination of the Shogunate and power being handed over to the Japanese Emperor, who had previously existed as mere spiritual/symbolic figure.

Adam Smith

Scottish economist who wrote the Wealth of Nations in 1776, a precursor to modern capitalism.

Wealth of Nations

British philosopher and writer Adam Smith's 1776 book that described his theory on free trade, otherwise known as laissez-faire economics.

Laissez-faire economics

hands off approach to economic development; the government should limit its interference in the economy