Studied by 22 people
Why and how was the civil service reformed in china?
corrupt civil services taking and using bribes to get positions
abandoned ancient tradition in favor of modern benefits
compare young turks and ottoman gov reaction to reforms
young turks wanted to push industrializing
at first accepted but fearful of reforms overthrowing gov power. repressed young turks
What countries had “bottom up” industrialization
US
Britain
Germany
What countries pushed industrialization from the government(top down)
Russia
China
Japan
Egypt
Japan
What two resources helped Britain greatly during industrialization?
coal and iron
major inventions that improved communication for transportation and trade
street light/train/cars
telegraph
telephone
radio
What main fuels/resources were used in the first industrial revolution vs the second revolution
first:
coal -steam engine
running water
second:
steel
oil
electricity
what railroad did Russia build and how did it help them?
transsiberian railroad for trade with eastern countries
focus on exports
Grew coal, iron, steel industries
what was majority of U.S human capital(workforce)?
mainly from immigrants and migrants from rural areas
germany industrialization delayed because
politcally fragmented
why was french industrialization delayed?
Low population
Focus on french revolution and aftermath
3 factors for industrialization
Capital
Natural resources
Water transportation
How did Ottomans try to keep empire together?
Minimized ethnic, language and religion difference in empire
what unintended effect did Ottoman attempt for unification have?
pointed out differences and need for independence
what did decline of ottomans lead to in many ottoman controlled regions?
greater freedom, new ideas
Nationalism with language, traditions religion, history
How did the Greek win their independence
Exposure to western Europe and saw impact of ancient greek culture sparking greek nationalism
War against ottoman with help of british, french and russian brought independence
what did liberalism led to in Prussia and Austria
Revolution
political change
- philosophers developed new political ideas about the individual and government
- some political reforms were enacted that included the extension of voting rights to city dwellers, non landowners, and working class
political continuities
- women didn't have the right to vote
- political movements were almost always connected to the interests of the growing middle and working class
social changes
- the need for factory labor increased
- the working class formed worker associations and labor unions
social continuities
- pre-industrial occupations continued to be apart of the middle class
- women were still supported by the labor and income of their male family members
Economic changes
in western Europe, access to abundant natural resources, trans-oceanic trade routes, and financial capital combined with an increasing population resulted in a leadership role in industrialization
Economic continuities
some regions of the world continued to produce minerals, crops, and other resources as they had done in previous eras
Who were the upper class
Industrialists and owners of large corporations
Who was in the middle class
Factory and office managers, small business owners, and professionals
How did middle class and poor women experience industrial life differently
Poor women took jobs in domestic service and the textile industries, spending less time at home. Middle class women, with no economic responsibilities, felt limited by household roles
Hundred Days of Reform
A series of Western-style reforms launched in 1898 by the Chinese government in an attempt to meet the foreign challenge; included the abolition of the civil service exam, the end to corruption, western style industrialization, commercial systems, and medical systems.
Self-Strengthening Movement
A late nineteenth century movement in which the Chinese modernized their army and encouraged Western investment in factories and railways
Young Turks
A coalition favoring modernist liberal reform of the Ottoman Empire.
forced into exile.
It was against monarchy of Ottoman Sultan and instead favored a constitution.
In 1908 they succeed in establishing a new constitutional era.
Millets
Religious communities in the Ottoman Empire; separate legal courts based on religion
Tanzimat Reforms
Series of reforms in the Ottoman Empire between 1839 and 1876;
established Western-style universities (military, engineering and civil service)
sultans worked to root out corruption
resulted in creation of new constitution
Scientific Socialism
Socialism would replace capitalism and the final stage of economic development would be communism
Karl Marx
philosopher, political economist, sociologist, humanist, political theorist, and revolutionary.
father of communism
Analysis of history led to his belief that communism would replace capitalism as it replaced feudalism.
The Reform Bill of 1867
Granted suffrage to all male British citizens
Reform Bill of 1832
British legislation that extended the vote to most male members of the middle class.
empiricism
Fl Philosophical approach that emphasizes knowledge gained through sensory experience and observation, rejecting innate or a priori knowledge. It asserts that all knowledge is derived from evidence and experimentation rather than abstract reasoning or speculation.
What is utilitarianism?
actions are right if they are useful or for the benefit of a majority.
John Stuart Mill
English philosopher and economist for
empiricism and utilitarianism
addressed the growing inhumanity of the industrial era.
Worked to allow labor unions, limit child labor, and ensure safe working conditions.
His ideas became the standard adopted in industrial societies
Consumerism
A preoccupation with the purchasing of material goods. As standards of living rose, people had more disposable income that could be spent on goods.
John D. Rockefeller
Established the Standard Oil Company, oil monopoly in the United States
stock market
A system for buying and selling shares of companies
What were Britian’s industrial advantages that sparked the beginning of the industrial revolution and made it a global superpower in trade?
mineral resources(coal most important
colonial resources
abundant rivers for transportation
strong fleets - defense and commercial
protection of private property
quick growing population and urbanization
Eli Withney’s interchangeable parts invention led directly to what type of working style?
division of labour
What factors led to the industrial revolution?
1) new technology
2) Columbian exchange
3) rise of maritime trading empires
4) increased agricultural productivity
5) increased capital for individuals
What were the effects of economic developments on culture
for some a culture of consumerism and leisure
impact of Adam Smith’s “Wealth of Nations”
supported capitalism, private entrepreneurship, shaping economics and politics during this period
Examples of Japanese reforms
abolished feudalism
constitutional monarchy
equality for law
reorganized military
railroads and roads
industrialization in key industries: tea, silk, weapons, ship
Explain Meiji Restoration
Japanese citizens overthrew the shogun and restored power to emperor
Why did trading states want to interact with Japan?
Wanted to sell and use as refuel while sailing to eastern countries
how was Egypt industrialized?
textile factories to compete with French and British
factories to build arms, ships
many shops and businesses in markets
Problems of Ottoman Empire that explain why they struggled to industrialize
overexpansion
failure to modernize
weak/corrupt leadership
lost control over land and people
nationalism amongst separate ethnic groups
Why was china unable to promote industrialization?
opium wars and domination from western world
Industrialized countries sought to protect what by doing what?
protect access to resources by establishing colonies
What linked different types of people globally?
desire for capital and products of industrialization like railroad, steamship, telegraph
What contributed to the development of the US as an industrial nation?
vast natural resources(timber, coal, oil etc) and ability to transport efficiently(transcontinental railroad)
What contributed to the rise of populations from 1750s-1900s?
Food distributions
Agricultural productivity
True or false: the hatian revolution was led by leaders from various classes?
True
The creoles not having enough power is a key factor in what revolution?
latin american revolution
What revolution in the Caribbean is associated with the French revolution?
Haitian.
was controlled by French gov
What world changes did the enlightenment contribute to?
abolishment of slavery
establishment of hierarchal societies
What did the Meiji restoration open up Japan to?
rapid industrialization
Labor specialization was caused by? There are 2 answers.
The Industrial revolution
development of factory systems
The French Declaration Rights of Man and the Declaration of Independence are most associated with?
Protection of private property
Great Britain was the first to use what type of machines in large scale economic production?
steam power
Enlightenment
A philosophical movement which started in Europe in the 1700's and spread to the colonies. It emphasized reason and the scientific method. Writers of the Enlightenment tended to focus on government, ethics, and science, rather than on imagination, emotions, or religion. Many members of the Enlightenment rejected traditional religious beliefs in favor of Deism, which holds that the world is run by natural laws without the direct intervention of God.
Social Contract
An Enlightenment concept; an agreement between the people and their government signifying their consent to be governed; popular in the 16th-18th centuries among theorists such as Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, and Jean-Jacques Rousseau, as a means of explaining the origin of government and the obligations of subjects.
Natural Rights
rights granted to all people by nature or God that cannot be denied or restricted by any government or individual; are often said to be granted to people by "natural law." Often discussed by Enlightenment thinker John Locke
Deism
A popular Enlightenment era belief that there is a God, but that God isn't involved in people's lives or in revealing truths to prophets.
Liberalism
A political ideology that emphasizes the civil rights of citizens, representative government, and the protection of private property. This ideology, derived from the Enlightenment, was especially popular among the property-owning middle classes.
Empiricism
the view that knowledge originates in experience and that science should, therefore, rely on observation and experimentation
Nationalism
sense of commonality based on language, religion, social customs, and territory; sometimes harnessed by governments to foster a sense of unity
Feminism
the belief that women should possess the same political and economic rights as men; became popular during the Enlightenment
Mary Wollstonecraft
English writer and early feminist who denied male supremacy and advocated equal education for women; wrote A Vindication of the Rights of Women, a famous feminist document in 1792
Suffrage
the right to vote in political elections
End of Serfdom
Most important reform of Russian Czar Alexander II; 1861-1865
Declaration of Independence
1776 statement, issued by the Second Continental Congress, explaining why the colonies wanted independence from Britain.
Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen
Adopted August 26, 1789, statement of fundamental political rights adopted by the French National Assembly at the beginning of the French Revolution.
Jamaica Letter
A was a document written in Jamaica by South American revolutionary leader Simon Bolivar where he famously expanded his views on thee independence movement in Venezuela and the way the government under the way they tried to operate.
Reign of Terror
(1793-1794) during the French Revolution when thousands were executed for "disloyalty;" led by Robespierre who tried rebels and had them executed often by guillotine
Simon Bolivar
The most important military leader in the struggle for independence in South America. Born in Venezuela, he led military forces there and in Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia.
Toussaint L'Ouverture
Was an important leader of the Haitian Revolution and the first leader of a free Haiti; in a long struggle again the institution of slavery, he led the blacks to victory over the whites and free coloreds and secured native control over the colony in 1797, calling himself a dictator.
Realpolitik
practical politics, ends justified the means, power more important than principles; utilized by Otto von Bismarck to unify Germany
Otto von Bismarck
Chancellor of Prussia from 1862 until 1871, when he became chancellor of Germany. A conservative nationalist, he led Prussia to victory against Austria (1866) and France (1870) in order to create a sense of national unity; assisted German unification in 1871
Peninsulares
Spanish-born, came to Latin America; ruled, highest social class in Latin America since they were the least likely to have "tainted bloodlines"
Creoles
Descendents of Spanish-born but born in Latin America; resented inferior social, political, economic status.
Industrial Revolution
A period of rapid growth in the use of machines in manufacturing and production that began in England c. 1750
cottage industry
Manufacturing based in homes rather than in a factory, commonly found before the Industrial Revolution; work was highly skilled and valued
factory system
A method of production that brought many workers and machines together into one building; replaced localized cottage industry. Workers were paid by the hour instead of for what they produce; decreased the need for skilled labor and led to exploitation of workers
seed drill
created by Jethro Tull, it allowed farmers to sow seeds in well-spaced rows at specific depths; this boosted crop yields and population growth
Spinning Jenny
This machine played an important role in the mechanization of textile production; conceived c. 1764 by James Hargreaves, an English weaver.
crop rotation
The practice of rotating use of different fields from crop to crop each year, to avoid exhausting the soil; utilized during the c. 1750 time period and led to increased crop yields and growing population
Enclosure Movement
consolidation and privatization of small landholdings/common lands into a smaller number of large farms in England c. 1700; contributed to the increase in population and the rise of industrialization as farmers were displaced and needed to find work in the cities
steam engine
A machine that turns the energy released by burning fuel into motion. Thomas Newcomen built the first crude but workable one in 1712. James Watt vastly improved his device in the 1760s and 1770s. It was then applied to machinery.
Second Industrial Revolution
(1871-1914) Involved development of chemical, electrical, oil, and steel industries. Mass production of consumer goods also developed at this time through the mechanization of the manufacture of food and clothing. It saw the popularization of cinema and radio. Provided widespread employment and increased production.
telegraph
A device for rapid, long-distance transmission of information over an electric wire. It was introduced in England and North America in the 1830s and 1840s.
Muhammad Ali
Leader of Egyptian modernization in the early nineteenth century. He ruled Egypt as an Ottoman governor, but had imperial ambitions. His descendants ruled Egypt until overthrown in 1952.
Meiji Restoration
In 1868, a Japanese state-sponsored industrialization and Westernization effort that also involved the elimination of the Shogunate and power being handed over to the Japanese Emperor, who had previously existed as mere spiritual/symbolic figure.
Adam Smith
Scottish economist who wrote the Wealth of Nations in 1776, a precursor to modern capitalism.
Wealth of Nations
British philosopher and writer Adam Smith's 1776 book that described his theory on free trade, otherwise known as laissez-faire economics.
Laissez-faire economics
hands off approach to economic development; the government should limit its interference in the economy
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