Topic 1: Molecules, Transport and Health

Vocabulary

An anion is a ___ ion.

An anion is a negative ion.

A cation is a ___ ion.

A cation is a positive ion.

Ionic bonds are formed when atoms ___ electrons. They result in ___ particles called ___.

Ionic bonds are formed when atoms give or receive electrons. They result in charged particles called ions.

Covalent bonds are formed when atoms ___ electrons. Covalent molecules may be ___ if the electrons are not shared equally.

Covalent bonds are formed when atoms share electrons. Covalent molecules may be polar if the electrons are not shared equally.

Dipoles are the ___ of ___ in a molecule when the electrons in ___ bonds are not ___.

Dipoles are the separation of charge in a molecule when the electrons in covalent bonds are not evenly shared.

A polar molecule is a molecule containing a ___.

A polar molecule is a molecule containing a dipole.

Dissociation is the ___ of a molecule into ___, especially by a ___ process.

Dissociation is the splitting of a molecule into smaller molecules, atoms, or ions, especially by a reversible process.

Hydrogen bonds are ___ bonds formed between ___ molecules containing at least one hydrogen atom.

Hydrogen bonds are weak electrostatic intermolecular bonds formed between polar molecules containing at least one hydrogen atom.

A monomer is a ___ molecule that is a single unit of a larger molecule called a ___.

A monomer is a single molecule that is a single unit of a larger molecule called a polymer.

A polymer is a ___ molecule made up of many smaller, repeating ___ units joined together by ___.

A polymer is a long-chain molecule made up of many smaller, repeating monomer units joined together by chemical bonds.

A macromolecule is a very ___ molecule often formed by ___.

A macromolecule is a very large molecule often formed by polymerisation.

Starch is a long-chain ___ formed of ___.

Starch is a long-chain polymer formed of glucose monomers.

Sucrose is a ___-tasting ___ formed by the joining of ___ and ___ by a ___ bond.

Sucrose is a sweet-tasting disaccharide formed by the joining of glucose and fructose by a 1,4-glycosidic bond.

Glucose is a ___ sugar.

Glucose is a hexose sugar.

A monosaccharide is a ___ sugar ___.

A monosaccharide is a single sugar monomer.

A disaccharide is a ___ made up of two ___ units joined by a ___ bond, formed in a ___ reaction.

A disaccharide is a sugar made up of two monosaccharide units joined by a glycosidic bond, formed in a condensation reaction.

A polysaccharide is a ___ consisting of ___ of ___ units joined by ___ bonds.

A polysaccharide is a polymer consisting of long chains of monosaccharide units joined by glycosidic bonds.

A triose sugar is a sugar with ___ carbon atoms.

A triose sugar is a sugar with three carbon atoms.

A pentose sugar is a sugar with ___.

A pentose sugar is a sugar with five carbon atoms.

Ribose is a ___ sugar that is part of the structure of ___.

Ribose is a pentose sugar that is part of the structure of RNA.

Deoxyribose is a ___ sugar that is part of the structure of ___.

Deoxyribose is a pentose sugar that is part of the structure of DNA.

Ribonucleic acid (RNA) is a ___ acid that is the ___ in some organisms and is involved in ___ synthesis.

Ribonucleic acid (RNA) is a nucleic acid that is the genetic material in some organisms and is involved in protein synthesis.

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is a ___ acid that is the ___ in many organisms.

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is a nucleic acid that is the genetic material in many organisms.

A hexose sugar is a sugar with ___ atoms.

A hexose sugar is a sugar with six carbon atoms.

Isomers are molecules that have the same ___, but different ___.

Isomers are molecules that have the same chemical formula, but different molecular structures.

A condensation reaction is a reaction in which a molecule of ___ is ___ from the reacting molecules as a ___ is formed between them.

A condensation reaction is a reaction in which a molecule of water is removed from the reacting molecules as a bond is formed between them.

A glycosidic bond is a ___ bond formed between two ___ in a ___ reaction, which can be broken down by a ___ reaction to release the ___ units.

A glycosidic bond is a covalent bond formed between two monosaccharides in a condensation reaction, which can be broken down by a hydrolysis reaction to release the monosaccharide units.

Reducing sugars are sugars that react with ___ and reduce the ___ ions to ___ ions giving an ___ precipitate.

All ___ and some ___ (but not ___) are reducing sugars.

Reducing sugars are sugars that react with blue Benedict’s solution and reduce the copper(II) ions to copper(I) ions giving an orangey-red precipitate.

All monosaccharides and some disaccharides (but not sucrose) are reducing sugars.

Non-reducing sugars are sugars that do not react with ___.

Non-reducing sugars are sugars that do not react with Benedict’s solution.

Oligosaccharides are molecules with between ___ and ___ monosaccharide units.

Oligosaccharides are molecules with between 3 and 10 monosaccharide units.

Hydrolysis is a reaction in which the bonds are ___ by the addition of a molecule of ___.

Hydrolysis is a reaction in which the bonds are broken by the addition of a molecule of water.

ATP is ___, the molecule that acts as a ___ supply molecule in all cells.

ATP is adenosine triphosphate, the molecule that acts as a universal energy supply molecule in all cells.

End products are the ___ of a ___.

End products are the final products of a chemical reaction.

Amylose is a ___ carbohydrate containing only ___ monomers joined together by ___ bonds so the molecules form ___ chains.

Amylose is a complex carbohydrate containing only α-glucose monomers joined together by 1,4-glycosidic bonds so the molecules form long unbranched chains.

Amylopectin is a ___ carbohydrate made up of ___ monomers joined by ___ bonds with some ___ bonds so the molecules ___.

Amylopectin is a complex carbohydrate made up of α-glucose monomers joined by 1,4-glycosidic bonds with some 1,6-glycosidic bonds so the molecules branch repeatedly.

Glycogen is a ___ carbohydrate with many ___ units joined by ___ bonds with many ___ bonds, giving it ___.

Glycogen is a complex carbohydrate with many α-glucose units joined by 1,4-glycosidic bonds with many 1,6-glycosidic bonds, giving it many side branches.

Lipids are a large family of ___ molecules that are important in ___ and as an ___ in many organisms. They include ___, ___ and ___.

Lipids are a large family of organic molecules that are important in cell membranes and as an energy store in many organisms. They include triglycerides, phospholipids and steroids.

Fatty acids are ___ acids with a long ___ chain.

Fatty acids are organic acids with a long hydrocarbon chain.

Glycerol, also known as ___, is an important component of ___.

Glycerol, also known as propane-1,2,3-triol, is an important component of triglycerides.

Ester bonds are bonds formed in a ___ reaction between the ___ group (___) of a ___ and one of the ___ groups (___) of ___.

Ester bonds are bonds formed in a condensation reaction between the carboxyl group (-COOH) of a fatty acid and one of the hydroxyl groups (-OH) of glycerol.

A saturated fatty acid is a fatty acid in which each ___ atom is joined to the one next to it in the ___ chain by a ___ bond.

A saturated fatty acid is a fatty acid in which each carbon atom is joined to the one next to it in the hydrocarbon chain by a single covalent bond.

An unsaturated fatty acid is a fatty acid in which the ___ atoms in the ___ chain have one or more ___ bonds between them.

An unsaturated fatty acid is a fatty acid in which the carbon atoms in the hydrocarbon chain have one or more double covalent bonds between them.

A monounsaturated fatty acid is a fatty acid with only one ___ bond between ___ atoms in the ___ chain.

A monounsaturated fatty acid is a fatty acid with only one double covalent bond between carbon atoms in the hydrocarbon chain.

A polyunsaturated fatty acid is a fatty acid with two or more ___ bonds between ___ atoms in the ___ chain.

A polyunsaturated fatty acid is a fatty acid with two or more double covalent bonds between carbon atoms in the hydrocarbon chain.

Esterification is the process by which ___ bonds are ___.

Esterification is the process by which ester bonds are made.

Haemoglobin is a red ___ that carries ___ and gives ___ their colour.

Haemoglobin is a red pigment that carries oxygen and gives erythrocytes their colour.

Amino acids are the ___ of ___ consisting of an ___ group (___) and a ___ group (___) attached to a ___ atom and an ___ group that varies between amino acids.

Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins consisting of an amino group (-NH_₂) and a carboxyl group (-COOH) attached to a carbon atom and an R group that varies between amino acids.

A peptide bond is the bond formed by ___ reactions between ___.

A peptide bond is the bond formed by condensation reactions between amino acids.

A dipeptide is two ___ joined by a ___ bond.

A dipeptide is two amino acids joined by a peptide bond.

A polypeptide is a ___ of ___ joined by ___ bonds.

A polypeptide is a long chain of amino acids joined by peptide bonds.

A disulfide bond is a strong ___ bond produced by an ___ reaction between ___ groups in ___ or ___ molecules, which are ___ in the structure of a ___.

A disulfide bond is a strong covalent bond produced by an oxidation reaction between sulfur groups in cysteine or methionine molecules, which are close together in the structure of a polypeptide.

Fibrous proteins are proteins that have ___, ___ polypeptide chains with occasional ___ that produce ___. They have little ___ structure.

Fibrous proteins are proteins that have long, parallel polypeptide chains with occasional cross-linkages that produce fibres. They have little tertiary structure.

Denaturation is the loss of the ___ shape of a ___ (e.g. caused by changes in ___ or ___).

Denaturation is the loss of the 3D shape of a protein (e.g. caused by changes in temperature or pH).

Collagen is a strong ___ protein with a ___ structure.

Collagen is a strong fibrous protein with a triple helix structure.

Globular proteins are ___ proteins with ___ tertiary and sometimes ___ structures, folded into ___ (___) shapes.

Globular proteins are large proteins with complex tertiary and sometimes quaternary structures, folded into spherical (globular) shapes.

A hydrophobic substance tends to ___ water and will not ___ with or ___ in water.

A hydrophobic substance tends to repel water and will not mix with or dissolve in water.

A hydrophilic substance has an ___ for water and will readily ___ in or ___ with water.

A hydrophilic substance has an affinity for water and will readily dissolve in or mix with water.

A colloid is a ___ of molecules that are not fully ___.

A colloid is a suspension of molecules that are not fully dissolved.

The prosthetic group is the ___ incorporated in a ___ protein.

The prosthetic group is the molecule incorporated in a conjugated protein.

Conjugated proteins are protein molecules ___ with or ___ to another molecule called a ___ group.

Conjugated proteins are protein molecules joined with or conjugated to another molecule called a prosthetic group.

Lipoproteins are ___ proteins with a ___ prosthetic group.

Lipoproteins are conjugated proteins with a lipid prosthetic group.

Glycoproteins are ___ proteins with a ___ prosthetic group.

Glycoproteins are conjugated proteins with a carbohydrate prosthetic group.

Proteases are ___-digesting ___.

Proteases are protein-digesting enzymes.

Diffusion is the ___ of ___ in a ___ or ___ down a ___ from an area where they are at a relatively ___ to an area where they are at a relatively ___.

Diffusion is the movement of particles in a liquid or gas down a concentration gradient from an area where they are at a relatively high concentration to an area where they are at a relatively low concentration.

The concentration gradient is the change in the ___ of ___ present in a ___ between two ___. In biology, this typically means across a ___.

The concentration gradient is the change in the concentration of solutes present in a solution between two regions. In biology, this typically means across a cell membrane.

The surface area to volume ratio (sa : vol) is the relationship between the ___ of an ___ and its ___.

The surface area to volume ratio (sa : vol) is the relationship between the surface area of an organism and its volume.

Vertebrates are ___ with a ___ or ___. They include ___, ___, ___, ___ and ___.

Vertebrates are animals with a backbone or spinal column. They include mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians and fish.

A mass transport system is an arrangement of ___ by which ___ are ___ in the flow of a ___ with a ___ for moving it around the body.

A mass transport system is an arrangement of structures by which substances are transported in the flow of a fluid with a mechanism for moving it around the body.

A single circulation system is a ___ in which the ___ pumps ___ to the organs of ___ and then the ___ travels on around the ___ before returning to the ___.

A single circulation system is a circulation in which the heart pumps blood to the organs of gas exchange and then the blood travels on around the body before returning to the heart.

A double circulation system is a ___ that involves two separate ___, one of ___ blood flowing ___ the heart to the ___ organs to be ___ before ___ to the heart, and one of ___ blood ___ the heart and flowing around the ___, returning as ___ blood to the heart.

A double circulation system is a circulation that involves two separate circuits, one of deoxygenated blood flowing from the heart to the gas exchange organs to be oxygenated before returning to the heart, and one of oxygenated blood leaving the heart and flowing around the body, returning as deoxygenated blood to the heart.

Systemic circulation carries ___ blood from the heart to the ___ of the ___ where the ___ is used, and carries the ___ blood back to the heart.

Systemic circulation carries oxygenated blood from the heart to the cells of the body where the oxygen is used, and carries the deoxygenated blood back to the heart.

Oxygenated blood carries ___.

Oxygenated blood carries oxygen.

Deoxygenated blood has given up its ___ to the ___ in the ___.

Deoxygenated blood has given up its oxygen to the cells in the body.

Pulmonary circulation carries ___ blood to the ___ and ___ blood back to the heart.

Pulmonary circulation carries deoxygenated blood to the lungs and oxygenated blood back to the heart.

The cardiovascular system is the ___ of the body made up of a series of ___ with a ___ (the ___) to move ___ through the ___.

The cardiovascular system is the mass transport system of the body made up of a series of vessels with a pump (the heart) to move blood through the vessels.

Circulation is the ___ of ___ through the ___.

Circulation is the passage of blood through the blood vessels.

Active transport is the ___ of ___ into or out of the ___ using ___ produced during ___.

Active transport is the movement of substances into or out of the cell using ATP produced during cellular respiration.

A buffer is a solution which ___ changes in ___.

A buffer is a solution which resists changes in pH.

Leucocytes are ___ cells. There are several different ___ which play important roles in ___ the ___ against the entry of ___ and in the ___.

Leucocytes are white blood cells. There are several different types which play important roles in defending the body against the entry of pathogens and in the immune system.

Platelets are ___ involved in the ___ of the ___.

Platelets are cell fragments involved in the clotting mechanism of the blood.

Megakaryocytes are ___ cells that are found in the ___ and produce ___.

Megakaryocytes are large cells that are found in the bone marrow and produce platelets.

Oxyhaemoglobin is the ___ formed when ___ binds to ___.

Oxyhaemoglobin is the molecule formed when oxygen binds to haemoglobin.

Carbaminohaemoglobin is the ___ formed when ___ combines with ___.

Carbaminohaemoglobin is the molecule formed when carbon dioxide combines with haemoglobin.

Carbonic anhydrase is the ___ that controls the ___ of the ___ between ___ and ___ to produce ___.

Carbonic anhydrase is the enzyme that controls the rate of the reaction between carbon dioxide and water to produce carbonic acid.

The bohr effect is the name given to ___ in the ___ of ___ that occur due to a ___ in ___ and a ___ of the ___ of ___ for ___.

The bohr effect is the name given to changes in the oxygen dissociation curve of haemoglobin that occur due to a rise in carbon dioxide levels and a reduction of the affinity of haemoglobin for oxygen.

Fetal haemoglobin is a form of ___ found only in the ___ with a ___ for ___ than ___.

Fetal haemoglobin is a form of haemoglobin found only in the developing fetus with a higher affinity for oxygen than adult haemoglobin.

Serotonin is a ___ that causes the ___ of the ___ to ___, ___ them and ___ the ___ to the ___.

Serotonin is a chemical that causes the smooth muscle of the blood vessels to contract, narrowing them and cutting off the blood flow to the damaged area.

Thromboplastin is an ___ that sets in progress a ___ of ___ that leads to the ___ of a ___.

Thromboplastin is an enzyme that sets in progress a cascade of events that leads to the formation of a blood clot.

Prothrombin is a ___, ___ found in the ___ that is the ___ to an ___ called ___.

Prothrombin is a large, soluble protein found in the plasma that is the precursor to an enzyme called thrombin.

Thrombin is an ___ that acts on ___, converting it to ___ during ___.

Thrombin is an enzyme that acts on fibrinogen, converting it to fibrin during clot formation.

A precursor is a ___ molecule which can be converted into a ___ molecule when needed.

A precursor is a biologically inactive molecule which can be converted into a closely related biologically active molecule when needed.

Fibrinogen is a ___ protein which is the ___ of the ___ protein ___.

Fibrinogen is a soluble plasma protein which is the precursor of the insoluble protein fibrin.

Fibrin is an ___ protein formed from ___ by the action of ___ that forms a ___ of ___ that trap ___ and ___ to form a ___.

Fibrin is an insoluble protein formed from fibrinogen by the action of thrombin that forms a mesh of fibres that trap erythrocytes and platelets to form a blood clot.

Arteries are ___ that carry blood ___ the heart.

Arteries are vessels that carry blood away from the heart.

Veins are ___ that carry blood ___ the heart.

Veins are vessels that carry blood towards the heart.

Capillaries are ___ that ___ the ___ of the ___.

Capillaries are tiny vessels that spread throughout the tissues of the body.

The lumen is the ___ inside the ___.

The lumen is the central space inside the blood vessel.

The arterial system is the system of ___ in the body.

The arterial system is the system of arteries in the body.

Arterioles are the ___ of the ___, ___ the heart.

Arterioles are the very smallest branches of the arterial system, furthest from the heart.

Peripheral arteries are ___ the heart but ___ the ___.

Peripheral arteries are further away from the heart but before the arterioles.