European History- Exam 3

What was the Coaca Maxima?

An extensive sewer system, drained a swamp so they could build the Roman Forum

What was the Via Appia?

Rome's first national highway, helped move military troops from one point to another

What was Rome's engineers' secret weapons that enabled them to build bigger, stronger, and faster than anyone in the world

Waterproof concrete and rebar

What was the most significant/life-altering achievement of Rome's engineers?

Fresh running water

What is an aqueduct?

A channel built to carry water between distant places

What is the name of the last stone placed in an arch that evenly distributes its weight?

The key stone

What was built on the massive lake by Nero?

The Colosseum

What was the hypogeum?

The underground area of an amphitheatre which would hold galdiators and animals before their fights

Who was Cicero?

A senator, philosopher, and orator who wanted to keep Rome a republic

What is the Concord of the Orders?

Brings together the Patricians and Plebeians to maintain the order of the Republic, "Consensus of Good Men"

Gaius Julius Caesar

Wanted power, became the Pontifex Maximus, became a Consul, then became dictator for life

What was the populari?

The wealthy class, able to reach out to the lower classes, to create a popular movement

Who is Marcus Crassus?

Wealthiest man in Rome

Who was in the first triumvirate and what was it?

Julius Caesar, Pompey, Crassus, agreed to advance each other's interest within their political alliance

Rubicon River

River that Julius Caesar crossed that started a civil war in Rome

Who was fighting in the Roman Civil War in 49 BCE?

Julius Ceasar and Pompey

What battle did Caesar and his legions defeat Pompey?

The Battle of Pharsalus

What happened to Pompey after the Civil War?

He went to Egypt and was killed

Who was the Ptolemy family?

Leading Family of Egypt, killed Pompey

What was bread and circuses?

The people were always fed and always entertained

If the people are hungry, they will revolt

Too much free time would allow them to plan a revolt, so he filled their free time with entertainment

What was the name given to Caesar by the Senate?

Pater Patriae

What were some Julian Reforms?

-Rome's first fire department

-Bread and Circuses

-Reformed Rome's Calendar (Julian Calendar)

Who were the two main conspirators in the assassination?

Marcus Brutus and Gaius Cassius

Where was Julius Caesar's body laid?

The Rostra, then moved to an alter

Who was Julia?

Caesar's daughter, married to Pompey

What is the Temple of Divus Julius?

An ancient Roman temple in the Roman Forum dedicated to the deified Julius Caesar

Who was Octavian/Augustus Caesar?

Caesars nephew and chosen heir

Who was Cato?

A member of the optimates (conservatives)

Who was Marcus Brutus?

Stabbed Julius Caesar to death

Who was Mark Antony?

Caesar's chief general

Who was Cassius?

Leader of the conspiracy

What does Octavian become?

Augustus

What does the name Caesar become?

A title of power

What does Kaiser mean?

A German iteration of Caesar

Who did Julius Caesar adopt?

His nephew Octavian

What was one of the first things Octavian did?

Created the Temple of Divus Julius after his late uncle Caesar

Why does Octavian call himself Divi Filius?

It means son of a deity

Who were the members of the Second Triumvirate?

Octavian, Mark Antony, Lepidus

What does Gravitas mean?

Discipline, strength, loyalty

Who did Mark Antony order to have killed?

Cicero

What happened from the years 43 BCE- 33BCE?

Octavian was creating a very negative image of Mark Antony, starts a civil war

Battle of Actium

Naval Battle between Marcus Antony and Octavian for control of the empire, Octavian won in 31 B.C.

Who was Agrippa?

Leader in defeating Mark Antony and Cleopatra in the Battle of Actium for Octavian

How did Mark Antony and Cleopatra die?

Mark Antony falls on his sword, and Cleopatra let poison snakes bite her to death

Who said, "I found Rome a city of bricks and left it a city of marble."

Augustus

What is the most important temple created by Octavian

The Pantheon

Reasons for Octavian's success against Mark Antony

-Intelligence

-Calm demeanor

-Tenacity (start something and finish it)

-Knowledge of men

-Ability to take advantage of his opponents mistakes

-Skilled propagandist

-Exploitation of Caesar's name

-Manipulation of the Senate

-Monumental Deceitfulness

What does Augustus mean?

"the revered one"; it is a title of divinity

Where was another place Rome was at war with besides Egypt?

Judea

What does Augustus do to determine who lives in the empire and what resources they had (how much he could tax them)

Sensus

Pax Romana (approaches of Augustus for bringing unity to the empire)

1. Development of veterans settlements

2. Hand's off approach to the provincial administration

3/ Development of the Cult of Roma

Who was the Goddess Roma?

The Goddess of the Roman state itself

What was the Battle of Teutoburger Forest?

Herman the German defeated the Romans when Rome tried to invade Germany

Who were the two main conspirators in the killing of Julius Caesar?

Marcus Brutus and Gaius Cassius

Who was first on scene and carried Caesar's body to the Rostra?

Mark Antony

Who takes over as the Pontifex Maximus after Caesar?

Marcus Lepidus

What was Mark Antony's proscription list?

A list of people to kill that had been conspiring to kill Caesar

What did they do with Cicero once they captured him?

Cut out his tounge and his right hand and nailed them to the Rostra

What parts of the world were controlled by Marc Antony and Octavian at the time of the civil war?

The western part was controlled by Octavian and Marc Antony controlled the East

Who wins the Battle of Actium for Octavian?

Agrippa

What did Princeps Civitatis (Octavian called himself) mean?

First among equals

What were some problems Octavian had to face?

-Wars were still underway in Gaul, Spain, and North America

-Concern that ambitious generals might use their legions against Octavian

-The need to reduce the total number of legions to defend the country (from 70-30). While finding land for demobilized veterans without bankrupting the treasury

Reconstruct the Roman government to provide stable centralized control over Rome and its empire

Octavians advantages in reorganizing the Roman State

- He had returned to Rome as a war hero and popular idol

-He was the supreme commander of the largest and best-trained army in Roman history

-He had access to the revenues and resources of a rich and mighty empire

-He had "auctoritas" (prestige and dignity) unique in Roman history

-He maintained and nurtured his adoptive name of Caesar

What is the equivalent of the IRS (tax collectors) for ancient Rome?

Publicans

What is a tithe? What % of their income did the peasants pay for the tithe?

Giving 10% of their income to the churches/ temples

What were the Julio-Claudians?

The first five Roman Emperors - Augustus, Tiberius, Caligula, Claudius, and Nero

What were the two groups of Romans that resisted Roman interference?

Zealots- (military) Were considered extremists who worked and fought to rid Judea of the Romans

Essenes- (pacifists) Were pacifists who believed in the coming of a Messiah. The Messiah would usher in a new kingdom

Who was Pontius Pilate?

The Roman governor of Judea. Although he found Jesus innocent, he sentenced him to crucifixion

What was Jesus when he came to Jerusalem?

A Rabbi

What is a Rabbi?

A Jewish teacher- A holy man

What was the Sanhedrin?

Jewish court

What was a posse?

A group of men, organised by the sheriff, to catch a criminal

What was the Judas kiss?

When one of the 12 apostles, Judas betrayed Jesus to the Romans

What were the three formal charges against Jesus?

1. He had endeavored to sedition (challenging the Romans)

2. He had forbidden the Judeans to pay tribute to the emperor

3. He had claimed to be the anointed King of the Jews

What was the titulus?

Showed what the crime would be when someone was being crucified

Who was most responsible for the spread of Christianity?

Peter and Paul

What emperor took actions against the Christians?

Nero

What emperor embraced the Christians, and converted on his deathbed

Constantine

Augustan Marriage and Adultery Laws were intended to:

-Curb immortality

-Increase the birthrate

-Revive ancient Roman virtue

To accomplish Augustus' goals, the laws:

-Prohibited long engagements (past 9 months)

-Regulated divorce

-Required all bachelors and spinsters to marry within 3 years

What did Ovid write?

"On Love"

Who was Augustus married to?

Livia

Who was Augustus' daughter?

Julia

Where did Augustus banish Julia?

Villa Giulia

Who did Augustus adopt?

Tiberius

What are the Praetorian Guards?

The emperor's guards helped investigate conspiracies, the best soldiers Rome had (secret service)

Why was Caligula a bad emperor?

He did not care about Roman citizens; he just wanted citizens to pay taxes so he could live a life of luxury

How was Caligula killed?

He was assassinated by his own Praetorian guard

What did emperor Claudius build?

The Aqua Claudia and the Aqua Anio Novus, and he expanded the sewer systems and created more baths

Who did Claudius marry?

Agrippina, his niece, who poisoned him

Who did Nero blame for the Great Fire of Rome?

The Christians

Who won the title of emperor in the year of the fourth emperors?

Vespasian

What was the most important thing that Vespasian constructed?

The Colosseum (Flavian Amphitheater)

What was an issue Titus was told to face by his father?

Uprising in Judea

T of F? Judea was a client of Rome

True

What were the catastrophes during the reign of Titus?

1. Eruption of Vesuvius (Pompeii)

2. Plague in Campania

3. A fire breaks out in Rome

How did Titus die?

He died at 42 from a fever (probably Malaria)

What were some things Domitian did?

-Improved Frontier defense

-Created another circus

How did Domitian die?

He was assassinated by a group of senators in 96 A.D.

Who takes over after Domitian?

Nerva- a general and senator