Potts test prep ch 17

Lost cause mythology?

in the south it was believed that the war was not for slavery but statesrights, also believed slaves like the idea of slavery, and built monuments to confederate leaders

South new beliefs?

they’ve come to realize the slavery and its practice wasn’t the best and need to industrialize and develop a strong agricultural sector

South’s textile industry?

increase in mills that increased cotton production and brought many jobs for children and women, the leaders would establish a sense of community to prevent labor unions

South’s Tobacco industry?

Washington Duke moved to Durham with his family and built a tobacco factory near the rail, used immigrants from europe to roll up the cigarette, also forced the four largest competitors in 1890 to join him in creating the american tobacco company (monopoly)

Minor industries in the south?

Coal production from along the Appalachian mountain from West Virginia to Alabama, logging and lumber production became the fastest growing industry in 1870,

Redeemers?

conservatives, probusiness, white politians in democratic party, “saved the south from yankee domination or black rule” they were high skilled jobs, didn’t want african americans to be educated

Failings of the new south?

Still highly dependent on cotton production and the north for investments and manufactured goods

What was the crop lien system?

a merchant would give items to farmers in exchange for credit where they would later pay back with a share of their crops, people like sharecroppers, tenants, and small farm owners, poor farmers would offer their owner work, it focused on the production of tobacco and cotton which destroyed the soil, landowner or merchant decided what would be planted

Mississippi plan (1890)?

took the blacks ability to vote, series of amendments, made it illegal for them to own guns, residence requirment for voting (two years in the state, one year in the district, disqualified those who had done crimes, needed to pay all taxes on time (poll tax as well), had to be able to read or understand the consitution, In louisana they had the grandfather clause in which if their father or grandfather could vote on january 1, 1867 they could do

When southern states limit on blacks didn’t work what did they do?

white democrats would turn to fraud and violence, whatever it took to suppress their voting

U.S Supreme court ruling in 1883?

found civil rights act of 1875 to be unconstitutional, the 13th nor 14th gave congress the authority to pass laws dealing with racial discrimination by private citizens or businesses , said individuals and organizations could engage in acts of racial discrimination because 14th amendment said that no states could deny citizens equal protection of the law

Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)?

Plessy was an african american that went into a white railcar, this case would endorse racially separate but equal facilities, the court ruled that the states had a right to create laws segregating public places like shcools, hotels, and restaurants

Jim crow segregation?

came from the name of dancing, by then it was only a term or expression that was like colors or whites only, this would be accompanied by the increased lynching per year

Wilmington isurrection (1898)

In 1894 and 1896, african americans and whites earned offices, however this angered whites and on the day before election in 1898, Alfred Waddel ( former congressman and confederate officer) urged a crowd to do their duty in stopping blacks from voting this led into people murdering blacks in neighborhoods, none of these individuals were punished and it marked the first and only time the municipal elected government had been overthrown

Black response to segregation?

some left while those who stayed tried to resist but still failed, many had to walk a quiet life, they used churches to build their communities (social events, political status, and gatherings)

National association of Colored Women (1896)?

Led by Mary Church Terrell, black men weren’t sufficient leaders, women must step up and show the way

Bounty and Pension association (1897)?

Built by Callie Guy House, who launched a mass movement demanding pensions for former slaves, many joined, but house was accused of mail fraud and tried and arrested

Ida B. Wells?

outspoken activists, she made a lawsuit in 1883 and won after she lost her seat because she was black, criticized white supremacy and jim crow laws, she fought for african voting rights, she helped found the National Association for the Advancement of Colored people (1909) and worked for women’s suffrage, opposed to Booker T. Washington beliefs

Booker T. Washington?

believed that blacks must get better at getting practical knowledge, africans should work on fighting racial segregation and work hard and avoid trouble, self-improvement rather than social change, african americans must first needed to become self sufficient economically

Du Bois?

disagreed with washington’s approach, first african american to earn a doctorate’s degree, said Booker’s (the atlanta compromise) was a coward’s speech, called for ceaseless agitation, called for disfranchisement and legalized segregation to stop, full leadership after booker dies

The settling of the new west?

Americans began settling more west due to manifest destiny and the new economic opportunities and freedom offered, however economic exploitation would decimate wildlife and nearly exterminate much of the native american culture

Great American Desert?

seen to be prosperous along with the establishment of the transcontinental railroad, huge profits from mines, cattle, railroads, buffalo hides, and comercial farms

The migratory stream?

new immigrants from asian, african americans, mexican, south american, and european transformed the western society

African American migration?

many black southerners arrived in Kansas in 1879, they were called exodusters because they sought a haven from discrimination and poverty, many were led by Benjamin “pap” singleton a slave from tennessee, he established the Dunlop community, many more migrated and led southern leaders to worry about the loss of black labor so they closed access to the Mississippi river and threatened to sink all boats that carried blacks to the west, many blacks weren’t prepared for the western conditions (drought, fires, grasshoppers, and failed crops), along with the shortage of materials, many abandoned their land and moved to the cities

Western mining?

new discoveries of gold kept happening, these discoveries built communities, one was the comstock lode, found near hold hill, nevada on the eastern slope of the sierra nevada mountians, Henry comstock was a canadian fur trapper talked his way into this share that was discovered by two others, it produced massive amounts of gold and silver,

What were the new territories discovered in the west?

Dakotas, Montana, and Washington in 1889, Idaho and Wyoming in 1890, Utah in 1896 and Oklahoma in 1907, Arizona and new Mexico in 1912

Cattle boom?

demand for beef grew, while buffalo herds supply shrank, Joseph G. McCoy saw the possibilities of driving vast herds of cattle raised in texas across the open range to kansas, in kansas they would be loaded onto freight cars and sent across the country, when the cattle would reach Abilene in august (1867), Abilene was where he built a barn, office building, and stockyard where the cattle would arrive, however along with this cattle from texas it brought the disease “tick fever” that destroyed herds

cowboys?

Hispanics and Native Americans were in charge of herding livestock, spanish speaking ones were called vaqueros, Americans were called anglo because they spoke english, they were unmarried young men, anglo’s were paid more than other races,

Barbed wire?

in 1873, Joseph Glidden, an illinois farmer, developed the first effective and inexpensive form of barbed wire fencing, denyed indians access to their ancestral lands, also served as competition for competing for open land,

The western metropolis of Chicago?

cattle industry made Chicago grow wealthy, had lumberyards, grain elevators, stockyards, and slaughter houses that brought job seeking immigrants (Irish and Germans), innovative steel brick structures built after a fire burned down all the wood, it became the largest pork processing center by 1862,

Development of the refrigerator industry?

no ice in the summer, this led to Gustavus F. Swift to discover the refrigerator car that would keep meat fresh (this drove most local butchers across the nation out of business), this industry became the largest industrial employer

Farming on the plains?

harsh weather and harsh environment, first homesteaders were mostly landless folks, although land was free, it was very expensive (livestocks, wagons wells, and other tools), fertile land, but resisted planting, constant bad environments like droughts, tornados, etc, 2/3 of the people who gained land under the homestead act failed to become sustaining farmers

Commercial farming?

New machinery and equipment improved productivity for those who could afford it, in 1868, James Oliver, a scottish immigrant living in Indiana, made a sturdy plow that eased preparing land, new machines like hay mowers, seed planters, and steam powered machines eased the work, small farmers couldn’t keep up, this created hate from small farmers against bankers and railroaders

Miners in the west?

As ranchers and farmers settled they played a role in settling the plains, they worked a 9-10 hour and 6 day program, the first wave focused on getting nuggets of gold out of river beds, they shifted to hydraulic mining and used heavy machinery,

Mining and the environment?

Hydraulicking and shaft mining transformed vast areas of landscape and vegetation, stripped the top soil and created sandbars that clogged rivers and killed fish

Mining boomtowns?

site of substantial silver minings, in places like arizona, virginia city, nevada, cripple creek, and leadvillie in Coloradom male dominated comunities with immigrants: chinese, chileans, peruvians, mexicans, french, germans, scots, welsh, irish, and english

Women in the west?

Women did cooking, cleaning, washing clothes, and as valuable as gold, however upon marriage women legal rights and obligations were transferred to the husband,

Hispanic south west?

served as track workers, paid cheap wages, faced discrimination, “sunday laws” passed that banned noisy amusements (bullfights, cockfights, and other hispanic recreations, segregation, same treatment of african americans, “juan crow era”

Porvenir massacre?

white rangers and texas rangers stormed a village of porvenir and burned the village down after murdering its inhabitants, this did lead to the found of the League of United Latin American Citizens that promoted and protected civil rights of lafin americans

Las gorras Blancas?

mexican americans that rebelled against whites to seize their land, three bothers: Juan Jose, Pablo, and Nicanor Herrera organized the white caps to evict white land hrabbers, who had illegaly created commercial ranching on property held by citizens of New Mexico, night riders who cut barbed wire, destroyed rails and barns and telegraph line, ended after they attempted to gain political support

Fate of Western Indians?

many were forced into the great plains and mountain regions of the far west after signing the 1851 fort Laramie treaty in Wyoming, however tensions and fighting continued

Indian relations in the west?

Indian wars continued on after buffalo hunters, ranchers, and farmers continued to violate commitments made, these emigrants constantly violated the agreements made, this would lead to a summer uprising of 1862 by sioux warriors in the Minnesota River Valley and many more clashes

Sand creek massacre?

John evans, the territorial governor called on whites to kill and destroy deadly indians on the plains, at the same time he convinced friendly indians (cheyennne and Arapaho) to gather at a place of safety such as Fort Lyon, however despite that promise Colonel John M. Chivingston’s 700 militiamen attacked a camp of cheyenne and arapaho along Sand Creek he wasn’t charged because he resigned, however he was later murdered by one of his soldiers

Spreading conflict?

the sand creek massacre ignited warfare across the central plains, Natives attacked and killed hundreds of white men, women, and children, congress would make buffalo soldiers that were civil war veterans from Louisiana and Kentucky, they built and maintained forts, protection railroad construction crew and captured outlaws

Evicting Indians from their ancestral lands?

Congress decided that reservations would be the best solution, in 1867, Medicine lodge, Kansas, the Kiowas, Comanches, Arapahos, and Cheyenne agreed to move west to Oklahoma, that following spring, the western sioux (the Lakota) signed the Fort Laramie treaty (1868) that agreed to move to the black hills reservation in southwestern dakota

Grant’s Indian Policy?

Grant convinced Congress to adopt more human policies toward native americans in his inaugural address in 1869, others wanted to use violence to move the natives, general sherman would use violence and would win a series of battles in the Texas panhandle, The Comanche, Cheyenne, Kiowa, and Arapaho were forced onto reservations

Custer and the Sioux

the sioux have lost too much land and cannot lose anymore or they will starve, so the chief sitting bull will do whatever it takes to maintain his land, but in 1875 General George Armstrong Custer is sent to deal with him after discovery of gold

The Great Sioux War?

lasted 15 months and was 15 battles, more soldiers than indians were killed, In June 1876, Custer found a large encampement of sioux, cheyenne, and arapaho on the little bighorn river, custer split his forced into two and attacked a sioux village on june 25, crazy horse led the natives and outnumbered them , after the battle of little bighorn or custer’s last stand, congress and grant abandoned the peace policy and sent more troops , under sheridan the army quickly destroyed the siox and cheyenne across Montana, in the spring of 1877 crazy horse and his people surrendered

The end of the buffalo?

demand for buffalo rose but too many were killed along with many droughts that reduced grasslands

The last resistance?

a war along the California-Oregon boundary, Modoc held out for six months before being overwhelmed in 1871-1872, In 1879, the utes were forced to give up their vast territories in western Colorado, In 1877, Joseph a nez perce chief led his people on a journey through montanna in hopes of finding safety to canada, however before reaching they were caught by u.s troops and requested to resturn home in western idaho, but were forced into indian territory

Ghost Dance?

Wovoka or jack wilson, a palute in western nevada fell ill and from being in a spirit world said that a ceromonial dance wearing ghost shirts would make them bullet proof, this movement spread wildlu and on december 29, 1890 a blood bath occured at an indian camp in South Dakota, along a frozen creek called Wounded knee, they were searching for weapons and when someone began dancing they were shot and soldiers began shooting

Dawes Severalty Act of 1887?

also called the general allotment act, it divided tribal lands and alloted them to 160 acres to each head of a family member, the purpose was to convert nomadic indians into small farmers and land owners

Frederick Jackson turner?

a historian at the university of Wisconsin announced his frontier thesis, the existance of any free land and the advancement of american settlement westward explain american development, however the frontier has gone, this ignored the role of women, african americans, native americans, and hispanics

Populist party?

People’s party, social and political movement for the poor, it would tie south and west together to wrestle control from the republicans in the north east and midwest (1890)