Jones- ALL Powerpoints

powerpoints 1-5

Which of the following is not a part of the upper airway?

a. nasal turbinates

b. pharynx

c. larynx

d. trachea

d

What is the primary function of the upper respiratory system?

conduct air from outside into our body

• non-exchanging airways

The trachea has a thick layer of _______________ that helps maintain open airways when we exhale.

cartilage

What is the primary functional unit of the respiratory system?

alveolar sacs

The tissue of the ________________ have less mucus, a thinner epithelium, smooth muscle, and no cartilage.

a. trachea

b. bronchioles

c. alveolus

b

The alveolus has type I and type II cells. What are the functions of each?

Type 1- structural

Type 2- produce surfactant

How does the mucous escalator work?

• allows debris to be trapped in mucus and driven upward towards the mouth for expelling

• cilia beat to move the mucus upward

What is the difference between the alveolar sac and the alveolus?

alveolar sac- refers to the entire structure containing many alveolus

• bundle of grapes

alveolus- one singular “grape”

Alveoli slightly participate in debris removal through _____________________________.

alveolar macrophages

The lungs are inside a fluid-filled sac within the chest called the ___________________.

pleaural sac

What is the difference between the visceral and parietal pleura?

visceral- attached to the lungs

parietal- attached to the chest wall

What is found in the space between the visceral and parietal pleura?

intrapleural fluid

What are the many functions of the respiratory system?

• gas exchange

• pH regulation

• speech

• defense mechanisms

• hormone activation

• intrathoracic pressure

• clot dissolution

How is the respiratory system effected in a pt. with chronic bronchitis?

mucous cells are increased and that inhibits cilia function

During inspiration, do the internal or external intercostal muscles contract?

external

During forced expiration, do the internal or external intercostal muscles contract?

internal

Does the diaphragm contract or relax when we’re breathing in?

contract

At rest, lung tissue pulls ____ and the chest wall pulls ______.

At rest, lung tissue pulls in and the chest wall pulls out.

FRC refers to what?

air in the lungs at rest

What do the following abbreviations mean?

P_alv

P_IP

P_TP

P_alv= alveolar pressure

P_IP= intrapleural pressure

P_TP= transpulmonary pressure

P_TP= P_? - P_?

P_TP= P_alv - P_IP

At rest, what are the pressures in each of the following? (Consider Patm= 0)

P_alv=

P_IP=

P_TP=

P_alv= 0

P_IP= -4

P_TP= +4

During inhalation, does the alveolar pressure increase or decrease?

decrease

• P_alv goes from 0 to -2

What is a pneumothorax?

hole in the chest wall

• hole makes it so a pressure gradient can’t be generated= lung collapses

What 3 things effect resistance to airflow?

• diameter of the bronchioles

• compliance

• surface tension

Bronchodilation deals with what part of the autonomic nervous system and what receptors?

sympathetic and b2 receptors

Bronchiole constriction deals with what part of the autonomic nervous system and what receptors?

parasympathetic and muscarinic receptors

How does asthma increase resistance?

decreases radius of the bronchioles

What term refers to the ability for our lungs to stretch and expand?

compliance NOT elasticity

What is the difference in compliance curves between inspiration and expiration?

Hysteresis

Stiffer lungs are _______ compliant and will not fill with as much air.

less

What helps reduce surface tension in smaller alveoli?

surfactant

How does surfactant effect compliance? (increase or decrease)

increases compliance

What is the name of the condition in which a pt. has low surfactant?

respiratory distress syndrome

What is the process of moving air into and out of the lungs?

ventilation

Which term on the graph describes the extra volume of air that can be inspired forcefully over and beyond normal tidal volume?

Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV

What term is the volume of air inspired or expired with each normal/quiet breath?

Tidal Volume (TV)

What term describes the volume of air remaining in the lungs after the most forceful expiration or the volume in the lungs after maximum expiration?

Residual Volume (RV)

What is the combination of the tidal volume and inspiratory reserve volume?

Inspiratory Capacity

What is the volume of air in the lungs at rest?

Functional Residual Capacity (FRC)

What term is used to describe the max we can inhale and exhale?

vital capacity

What is the combination of the Vital capacity and residual volume?

Total Lung Capacity

What term is used to describe the volume of breathed air that never reaches gas exchange areas?

dead space

What volume of the tidal volume is anatomical dead space?

a. 100 ml

b. 150 ml

c. 200 ml

d. 250 ml

b

In addition to anatomical dead space, we can also have dead space due to what?

non-functioning alveoli (physiologic dead space)

• poor blood flow

• poorly ventilated

What is the equation for calculating total dead space (V_D)? (given gas pressures)

What term refers to the amount of total air inhaled and exhaled in one minute?

Minute Ventilation

What is the equation for alveolar ventilation?

What is the percent of carbon dioxide and oxygen in our atmospheric pressure?

O2= 21%

CO2= 0.04% or 0%

If our atmospheric pressure is 760 mmHg, how much of that is oxygen and much is carbon dioxide?

O2- 160 mmHg

CO2- 0 mmHg

What is inspired air? How does this effect the partial pressure of O2?

• air that gets water added to it

• Must account for the water by subtracting 47 from the atmospheric pressure

• Instead of 160 mmHg, now 150 mmHg

What is the partial pressure of O2 and CO2 in the alveoli?

O2- 100 mmHg

CO2- 40 mmHg

Compared to normal, what happens to the partial pressures of O2 and CO2 in the alveoli when we hypoventilate?

SATA

a. O2 increases

b. O2 decreases

c. CO2 increases

d. CO2 decreases

b, c

True or False: When we hyperventilate, the amount of CO2 in the alveoli decreases compared to normal.

True

In what region of the lung would you expect the highest amount of blood flow?

a. apex/ top of the lung (zone 1)

b. middle (zone 2)

c. base (zone 3)

d. none of the above

c

What region of the lung has the lowest ventilation?

a. apex/ top of the lung (zone 1)

b. middle (zone 2)

c. base (zone 3)

d. none of the above

a

The V/Q ratio looks at the ratio of what to what?

ventilation to blood flow

Where in the lung would I expect each of the following:

• a V/Q ratio >1

• a V/Q ratio =1

• a V/Q ratio <1

• a V/Q ratio >1

  • apex/top of the lung

• a V/Q ratio =1

  • middle of lung

• a V/Q ratio <1

  • base of the lung

The partial pressure of CO2 and O2 in the alveoli matches which of the following:

a. veins

b. tissues

c. arteries

d. all of the above

c

If the partial pressure of O2 in the veins was 40 mmHg and the partial pressure of CO2 in the veins was 46 mmHg, what would be the pressure of each in the tissues?

VEINS MATCH TISSUE

• O2=40 mmHg

• CO2= 46 mmHg

Is carbon dioxide or water more soluble in blood?

CO2 is

• exactly why we see more CO2 dissolved in the blood versus O2

The amount of O2 dissolved in the blood is 0.3 ml O2/ 100 mL of blood, which is not enough to sustain life. How do we overcome this problem?

use Hemoglobin to bind oxygen

True or False: The amount of Hb in our blood effects the pressure of oxygen in the blood.

FALSE- Hg DOES NOT CHANGE PRESSURE

What determines how much oxygen binds to hemoglobin?

amount dissolved in the blood

With what type of shift do I see decreased O2 affinity and more unloading?

RIGHT

With what type of shift do I see increased affinity and less unloading?

LEFT

Which of the following does not effect oxygen saturation?

a. pH

b. temperature

c. anemia

d. Red blood cell 2,3 BPG

c

What type of shift would occur in the following situations:

• ↑ temp= _______ shift

• ↓ temp= _______ shift

• ↑ temp= right shift

• ↓ temp= left shift

What type of shift would occur in the following situations:

• ↑ pH= ________ shift

• ↓ pH= ________ shift

• ↑ pH= left shift

  • More basic

• ↓ pH= right shift

  • More acidic

What is the Bohr effect? What type of shift do we see?

Bohr effect describes how CO2 effects oxygen’s affinity to Hb

• basically at the tissues where CO2 is high we see a right shift

Fetal hemoglobin has a _______________ affinity for O2 compared to maternal hemoglobin. This causes what kind of shift?

higher- causes a left shift

What is the Haldane effect?

Describes how oxygen concentrations effect Hb’s affinity for CO2

• basically where O2 is high aka lungs, we see increased CO2 and H+ unloading

An increase in Red Blood cell 2,3 BPG concentration causes what?

right shift

Carbon Dioxide is mainly transported by converting it into _____________.

bicarbonate

After CO2 is converted to Bicarb in the RBC, bicarb is exchanged for ______ and then is in the plasma.

Cl^-

How is CO2 converted into bicarbonate?

CO2 and H20 are combined using carbonic anhydrase to turn it into bicarb and H+

During quiet inspiration and expiraton, what muscles are contracting?

quiet insp- diaphragm and external intercostals

quiet exp- NONE

Which of the following medullary regions controls quiet inspiration?

a. Pre-Botzinger complex

b. DRG

c. VRG

d. Pons

b

The VRG deals with active breathing and controls which of the following:

a. inspiration

b. expiration

c. both

c

What complex is known as the “pacemaker” in the medulla and drives DRG firing?

pre-botzinger

What is the difference between the pneumatic and apneustic centers of the pons?

pneumatic- switch off the DRg for smooth inspiratory and expiratory transition

apneustic- inspiratory neurons of the VRG and DRG from turning off