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Apartheid
Separateness. Racial segregation began in S.A. 1948 by National Party. Blacks kept out of cities unless they’re performing labor.
Why did National Party win 1948 election
United Party was slightly more liberal and people feared that they wanted racial integration (they didn't). During WW2, United Party had allowed more black folks in city center to work in factories.
Townships
Where blacks in S.A. could live near urban area if they had a passbook; a taxed permit to work. They were allowed to live close because they were cheap laborers.
Pass Laws
Required that blacks keep a passbook work permit. Otherwise, they’re sent back to rural ethnic “homelands” or Bantustans.
Apartheid classifications
White, Indian, Coloured, Black. Multiple ethnic groups in each category.
Voortrekkers
Original Dutch white people that settled in S.A. Transvaal and Orange Free States.
White ethnic Groups in S.A.
Dutch Afrikaners and English
Black ethnic groups in S.A.
Xhosa, Khoisan, Zulu et. al.
Grand Apartheid
Foundational discrimination of black, Indian, and coloured folks in S.A. Disenfranchisement and separate living regions. Kept white minority group in power.
Petty Apartheid
Day to day discrimination of black, Indian, and coloured folks in S.A. Segregation and racial purity laws etc.
ANC
African National Congress. Oppositional party to Apartheid. At times peaceful, and at times more violent. Occasionally friendly with liberal whites, and occasionally not.
ANCYL
African National Congress Youth League. Not quite violent, but tired of “asking” for rights. Not welcoming to foreign aid or help from friendly whites/Indians.
Spear of the Nation (Umkhonto we sizwe)
Violent opposition to Apartheid after Sharpeville Massacre. Usually involved in sabotage rather than “terrorism” or muder.
Bantu Education Act
Taught blacks in their tribal language (Zulu,Xhosa etc), keeping them separate from other black ethnicities. Trained to be laborers rather than intellectuals. Not allowing them to unify as "black," but instead keeping their ethnic identities.
Freedom Charter
1955 all Apartheid oppositional groups get on the same page. Unified statement about goals and methods of protest. Several leaders arrested after statement.
Defiance Campaign
ANC and SAIC (Indian group) lead large Civil Disobedience campaign. Liberal whites join as well. Boycotts. Marching without passbooks etc = Did unify various groups in mass campaign. ANC membership growth. Gained international attention. Did not change laws. Even many liberal whites came to disagree with campaign.
Sharpeville Massacre
1960 Peaceful crowd of thousands attacked by police. Spear of the Nation forms in response; the violent arm of the ANC.
Rivonia Trial
Nelson Mandela, Walter Sisulu and several others accused of terrorism in MK Spear of the Nation group. Defendants use trial as a platform of protest. Foreign nations begin to put pressure on S.A. to change. Defendants go to prison, but not executed.
Peaceful protest efforts
Work stoppages and strikes. Alexandra Bus Boycotts. Defiance Campaign. Passbook Burnings.
Important Anti-Apartheid figures
Mandela and his wife Winnie. Gandhi. Walter Sisulu. Desmond Tutu. Steve Biko. ZK Matthew. Oliver Tambo. FW DeKlerk was the white leader who ended Apartheid.
SACP
South African Communist Party. The ANC was not communist exactly, but saw them as allies against Apartheid. USA would not support Anti-Apartheid because of this view.
Influx controls
attempts by the National Party to allow enough black laborers to come into the city to work, but not so many that they feel threatened or displeased by the high numbers of black folks in the city.
Albert Luthuli
ANC president 1952-1967. Pushed peaceful civil disobedience. Organized strikes and the "stay away day." Arrested after Sharpeville Massacre.
Stay away day
a nationwide strike by black South Africans after the Sharpeville Massacre.
Reconstruction
The period following the Civil War when the federal government was going to rebuild the South, ensure 14th amendment protection to ALL southern citizens. These efforts were short lived, and KKK/Jim Crow swoop in when the Feds leave.
Jim Crow Laws
Laws that get around the 14th amendment, to disenfranchise African Americans, and bring slavery back in all but name. Sharecroppers are similar to Medieval serfs. Nearly slaves. Jim Crow Laws made this possible.
Jim Crow examples
Grandfather clauses and literacy tests to vote. Poll taxes. Ways that racist white leaders got around the 14th amendment.
Peaceful protests and tactics
Sit-ins like Woolworths. Montgomery Bus Boycotts. Freedom rides through the South. Jail packing. Selma March.
Supported more violent protest
Black Panthers, Nation of Islam, Malcolm X for a while
Peaceful figures and groups
MLK. Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee. Southern Christian Leadership Conference. Rosa Parks. National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP).
Black Nationalism
Movement to abandon “slave names.” Support black economy. Black separatism or even secession. Promoted by Elijah Muhammad and Malcolm X.
Civil Rights Act 1964
Ends segregation in public spaces. Aimed at ending Jim Crow. President Lyndon Johnson (LBJ).
Voting Rights Act 1965
Effect of the Selma March and "Bloody Sunday". Federal registrars were sent to monitor and facilitate black voting in the South. Enforce 14th and 15th amendments. President Lyndon Johnson (LBJ).
Freedom Summer 1964
Mostly Northern Blacks and some Whites came to the south to register black voters. Some missing to this day. Many beaten and intimidated.
Separate but Equal
Segregation by legal means and an effect of Plessy v. Ferguson 1896. Considered to be no violation of the 14th amendment if blacks had “equal” facilities to whites.
Impact of world wars on civil rights
Black soldiers treated better by whites in Europe. Also fought for the USA. Returned to USA with new vigor in pursuing rights. KKK responds to this with intensified violence.
Race massacres
Often called “riots.” Tulsa 1921. Wilmington NC 1898. Detroit 1943. Many more.
Brown vs. Board of Education 1954
Court decision that ended separate but equal in schools on paper. A decade or more before schools truly integrated in the South. Little Rock 9 and others make it a reality….though in 2023, there are arguably still major issues in this regard.
