AP Psychology- Unit 0 Test

Who established the first psychology laboratory

Wilhelm Wundt

Who was taught by William James and went to Harvard but was denied a degree

Mary Whiton Calkins

Who developed empiricsm (the idea that knowledge comes from experience and the mind at birth is a clean slate)

John Locke

Who developed functionalism

William James

Who developed behaviorism, that psychology should be an objective science

B.F. Skinner and John B. Watson

Who was the second woman to become president of the APA

Margaret Floy Washburn

Behavioral perspective

1) We learn through rewards, punishments, and observation

-If we have witnessed or been rewarded for helping behavior in the past, we are more likely to help later.

Biological Perspective

1) How our biological structures cause a behavior, thought, or emotion

2) Our brain chemistry controls the emotions and thoughts and affect what we do

Cognitive Perspective

1) How we process information

2) Our interpretation of an event affects how we respond

Evolutionary Perspective

How we have changed over time to better survive

Humanistic Perspective

1. How healthy people strive to reach their full potential

2. Are we at 100%?

Psychodynamic perspective

How our unconscious drives influence behavior

Sociocultural perspective

How situations and cultures affect our behavior and thinking

What perspective is this?

Studying how neurotransmitters affect mood and behavior, such as the role of serotonin in depression

Biological perspective

What perspective is this?

Analyzing how unresolved conflicts from childhood influence adult behavior, such as attachment styles

Psychodynamic perspective

What perspective is this?

Using reinforcement to encourage positive behavior in children, such as giving praise for good grades

Behavioral perspective

What perspective is this?

Investigating how cognitive distortions, such as all-or-nothing thinking, can affect anxiety levels

Cognitive perspective

What perspective is this?

Using client-centered therapy to help individuals realize their potential and improve self-esteem

Humanistic perspective

What perspective is this?

Exploring how certain behaviors, like altruism, may have evolved because they enhance survival and reproduction

Evolutionary perspective

What perspective is this?

Analyzing how cultural norms shape attitudes towards mental health, such as stigma associated with seeking therapy

Sociocultural perspective

What are the biological influences on behavior/mental process in the biopsychosocial approach

Biological Influences

• Genetic predispositions (traits influenced by genetics)

• Genetic mutations (random errors during gene replication)

• Natural selection favors adaptive traits and behaviors transmitted across generations

• Genes that respond to environmental changes

What are the psychological influences on behavior/mental process in the biopsychosocial approach

Psychological Influences

• Learned fears and other learned expectations

• Emotional responses

• Cognitive processing and perceptual interpretations

What are the sociocultural influences on behavior/mental process in the biopsychosocial approach

Sociocultural Influences

• Presence of others

• Cultural, societal, and family expectations

• Peer and other group influences

• Compelling models (such as the media)

Does this have a biological, psychological, or sociocultural influence

Peer and other group influences

Sociocultural influence

Does this have a biological, psychological, or sociocultural influence

Genetic predispositions

Biological influence

Does this have a biological, psychological, or sociocultural influence

Learned fears and other learned expectations

Psychological influence

Does this have a biological, psychological, or sociocultural influence

Emotional response

Psychological influence

Does this have a biological, psychological, or sociocultural influence

Genes

Biological influence

Does this have a biological, psychological, or sociocultural influence

Genetic mutations

Biological influence

Does this have a biological, psychological, or sociocultural influence

Influences of social media

Sociocultural influence

What does counseling psychology do

-Help people cope with challenges and crises

-Improve functioning

-Every day issues

-Help ppl adjust to life transitions

What does clinical psychology do

-Assess and treat emotional, behavioral, and mental disorders

-promote health

-specify a specific disorder

what do psychiatrists do

-Can provide therapy

-Are medical doctors who can prescribe drugs

What does cognitive psychology focus on

Human thinking

What does developmental psychology do

-Investigates change across the lifespan

What does educational psychology do

-Studies learning

-Writes tests and design programs

What does experimental psychology do

-Conduct experiments

What does social psychology do

-Studies interactions with others

-How our beliefs, feelings, and behaviors are affected

What does forensic psychology do

-Apply psychology to legal issues

What does environmental psychology do

-Studies how humans interact with the environment

What does health psychology do

-Works to stop smoking, lose weight, improve sleep, etc

What does industrial-organizational psychology do

study people and their relationships w work

What does school psychology do

-Assess and provide intervention for children in schools

-Diagnose and treat problems that affect one’s learning

What does sports psychology do

-Study psychological factors influencing athletes

What does community psychology do

Deal w mental health in communities

John has been feeling anxious and overwhelmed after a recent breakup. He decides to visit a psychologist. What type of psychologist is John most likely to see for his anxiety?

Clinical psychologist

Emily is having trouble concentrating in class and is showing signs of distress. Her teacher refers her to the school psychologist. What is the primary role of the school psychologist in this scenario?

Evaluate Emily’s academic preformance and mental health

Mark is feeling lost in his career and is unsure about his future path. He seeks help from a psychologist. Which type of psychologist is best suited to help Mark explore his career options and personal goals?

Counseling psychologist

During a criminal trial, a forensic psychologist is asked to evaluate the defendant’s mental state at the time of the crime. What is the primary focus of the forensic psychologist in this case?

To determine the defendant’s competency to stand trial

Sarah wants to change her eating habits and manage her stress better. She consults a health psychologist. Which approach might the health psychologist take to help Sarah?

Use cognitive-behavioral techniques to modify her behavior

A hypothesis is..

a testable prediction

What does operational definition do

helps to eliminate bias. It is a statement of the exact procedures used in a research study.

This helps others to replicate, or create the same study and hopefully produce similar results.

peer reviewing

-assist in replication of an experiment

-when multiple professionals review something before it is published to find errors or issues

What are the 4 ways to test theories and hypothesis

1.  Experiment

2. Case study

3. Naturalistic observation

4. Surveys and interviews

Hindsight bias

(also known as the I-knew-it-all-along phenomenon) is where we insist we knew before something actually happened.

Sampling

1. the choosing of people to participate in the study

2. have to be careful when choosing your sample, as it must be representative

A

A testable prediction that guides research

hypothesis

A statement of exact procedures used in a research study which helps eliminate bias and allows others to replicate the study

operational definition

when multiple proffesionals review a study before it is published to find errors or issues

peer review

Sampling bias is..

when a researcher has a flaw in the sampling that produces an unrepresentative group

when a researcher has a flaw in the selection of participants that produces an unrepresentative group

sampling bias

the tendency to think we knew the outcome of an event before it actually happened

hindsight bias

Why was Genie Whiley used for psychological research

She was used as an example of how lack of socialization affects language development

whats the main advantage of a random sample in psychological research 

it ensures each member of the population has an equal chance of being elected

Random Sampling

a sample that fairly represents a population because each member has the same chance of being selected

whats a problem with self-report data collected through surveys

may be influenced by social desirability bias

what was elizabeth loftus’ study concnerned wuth

the effect of wording on memory recall

Case Study

1. often used in cases of child abuse, as the situation cannot be recreated.

2. Usually very revealing, and suggest directions for further study
   3. There can be abnormal findings that skew results because we are looking at only one small sample

4. Usually used in cases where we cannot recreate something

what best describes a case study

examining one individual or group in depth

median

middle number in data set after arranging from lowest to highest

mode

most frequently occuring score

mean

add all numbers together and divide by how many numbers there are