Functional Group Tests & Derivatives

Br test

Alkenes. Positive: colorless. Negative: orange-brown

Flame Test

Aromatics. Positive: sooty smoke, yellow flame. Negative: non-sooty

Beilstein Test

Halides. Positive: green flash. Negative: no color change

Halides with Sn1 activity

Immediate precipitate: 3, allylic, benzoic. Slow precipitate: 1, 2. No precipitate: aryl or alkenyl halide

Alcohol with Sn1 activity

Precipitate within 2 minutes: 3, allylic, benzoic. Slow precipitate: 2. No precipitate: 1

Alcohol Chromic Acid

Oxidizability. Positive: Blue-green, 1 or 2. Negative: light brown-orange, 3

Ferric Chloride

Phenol. Positive: red, blue, or purple. Negative: colorless

Bromination

Phenols. Positive: colorless, acidic pH paper. Negative: orange-brown

DNP test

no conjugation: yellow. Conjugation: light orange. Extended conjugation: dark orange/red.

Ketone & Aldehyde Chromic Acid

Positive: blue-green, aldehyde. Negative: light orange-brown, ketone.

Hydroxylamine/Ferric Chloride

Esters. Positive: purple or deep red. Negative: colorless

Iron Hydroxide

Nitro. Positive: blue ppt turns brown. Negative: ppt stays blue

Hinsberg Test

Amines. React to sulfonamide. Soluble in HCl: 3. Soluble in H2O:1. Insoluble in NaOH:2

Phenyl Urethane

Alcohol or phenol + phenyl isocyanate

3,5-dinitrobenzoate

alcohol or phenol + 3,5-dinirobenzoyl chloride

Brominated phenol

phenol + br2, etoh

2,4-DNP

ketone or aldehyde + 2,4 DNP reagent

semicarbazone

ketone or aldehyde + semicarbazide hydrochloride

carboxylic acids

treat with thionyl chloride and then react to amide, anilide, or p-toluidide

saponification

esters. 1)NaOH, HOCH2CH2OH 2)aq. HCl

Acetamide or Benzamide

1 or 2 amine treated with benzoyl chloride or acetic anhydride

meiodide

3 amine + iodoform