FINAL EXAM REVIEW

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35 Terms

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Articles of Confederation

The first governing document of the United States, which created a weak central government.

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Constitution

A document establishing the framework of the United States government, replacing the Articles of Confederation.

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Great Compromise

An agreement at the Constitutional Convention that established a bicameral legislature with representation based on state population in the House and equal representation in the Senate.

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Three-Fifths Compromise

An agreement that slaves would be counted as three-fifths of a person for state representation purposes.

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Electoral College Compromise

An agreement that established the Electoral College system for electing the President.

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Federalism

The division of power between the national and state governments.

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Checks and balances

A system where each branch of government can limit the powers of the others to prevent any one branch from becoming too powerful.

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Judicial review

The ability of the judiciary to declare laws or actions unconstitutional.

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Federalist #51

A paper that argues for the necessity of checks and balances and separation of powers in governing.

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Bill of Rights

The first ten amendments to the Constitution that guarantee individual liberties.

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Bicameral

A legislature consisting of two chambers or houses.

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Enumerated powers

Powers explicitly granted to the national government by the Constitution.

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Implied powers

Powers not explicitly stated but necessary to carry out the enumerated powers.

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Standing committee

A permanent committee that deals with ongoing legislative responsibilities.

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Joint committee

A committee made up of members from both houses to conduct special studies.

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Conference committee

A temporary committee formed to resolve differences between the House and Senate versions of a bill.

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Select committee

A temporary committee set up for a specific purpose or to investigate a particular issue.

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Rules Committee

A House committee that determines the terms of debate for legislation.

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Gerrymandering

The manipulation of electoral district boundaries to favor one political party over another.

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Divided government

A situation in which one political party controls the presidency and another party controls one or both houses of Congress.

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Signing statement

A written declaration made by the President when signing a bill into law.

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Federal bureaucracy

Administrators and agencies that carry out the day-to-day operations of the federal government.

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Mandatory spending

Expenditures that are required by law, such as entitlement programs.

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Discretionary spending

Spending that is not mandated by law and can be adjusted by the government annually.

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Selective incorporation

The process by which certain rights in the Bill of Rights have been applied to the states through the Fourteenth Amendment.

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Establishment clause

Part of the First Amendment that prohibits the government from establishing a religion.

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Free exercise clause

Part of the First Amendment that protects the rights of individuals to practice their religion.

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Civil Rights Act of 1964

Legislation that outlawed discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin.

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14th Amendment

Amendment that grants citizenship and equal protection under the law.

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Political socialization

The process by which individuals develop their political beliefs and values.

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Liberalism

A political ideology favoring government intervention in economic and social issues, typically aligned with the Democratic party.

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Conservatism

A political ideology favoring limited government and personal responsibility, typically aligned with the Republican party.

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Keynesian economics

An economic theory advocating for government intervention to stimulate demand in times of economic downturn.

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Supply-side economics

An economic theory emphasizing tax cuts and deregulation to stimulate production and economic growth.

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Linkage institutions

Entities like political parties, elections, interest groups, and media that connect people to the government.