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Nomenclature
A systematic method for naming chemical compounds.
Isomerism
The phenomenon where compounds with the same molecular formula have different structures or arrangements.
Electronic effects
Influences on a compound's reactivity and stability due to the distribution of electrons within the molecule.
Reactive intermediates
Transient species that are formed during the conversion of reactants to products in a chemical reaction.
Alkyl halides
Compounds containing an alkyl group bonded to a halogen atom.
Benzyl bromide
An alkyl halide with the structure C6H5CH2Br.
Vinyl bromide
An alkyl halide where the halogen is bonded to a vinyl group (C=C).
Allyl bromide
An alkyl halide characterized by the allyl group (C3H5) attached to bromine.
Arenes
A group of aromatic hydrocarbons, specifically those that contain benzene rings.
Classification of alkyl halides
Based on the number of carbon atoms attached to the carbon bonded to the halogen.
Dihaloalkane
An alkane that contains two halogen atoms.
Trihaloarene
An aromatic compound containing three halogen atoms attached.
Primary alkyl halide
An alkyl halide in which the carbon linked to the halogen is attached to only one other carbon.
Secondary alkyl halide
An alkyl halide where the carbon atom bearing the halogen is attached to two other carbons.
Tertiary alkyl halide
An alkyl halide where the carbon atom attached to the halogen is connected to three other carbon atoms.
Nucleophile
A chemical species that donates an electron pair to form a chemical bond.
Electrophile
A chemical species that accepts an electron pair to form a bond.
Substitution reaction
A chemical reaction in which one functional group in a molecule is replaced by another.
Elimination reaction
A reaction where a single reactant splits into two products, often removing smaller molecules.
SN1 reaction
A nucleophilic substitution reaction where the rate-determining step involves the formation of a carbocation.
SN2 reaction
A nucleophilic substitution reaction that involves a single, concerted step where the nucleophile attacks the substrate and displaces the leaving group.
Walden inversion
The inversion of configuration that occurs in SN2 reactions.
Carbocation
A positively charged carbon species that is highly reactive and can rearrange to form more stable intermediates.
Grignard reagent
A reactive organometallic reagent containing a carbon-metal bond, typically used for forming carbon-carbon bonds.
Stereoisomers
Compounds that have the same molecular formula and connectivity but differ in the spatial arrangement of atoms.
Antiaddition
A type of addition reaction where two substituents add to opposite sides of a double bond.
Bimolecular nucleophilic substitution
A reaction mechanism where the nucleophile attacks the substrate simultaneously as the leaving group departs.
Nucleophilicity
The tendency of a nucleophile to donate an electron pair to an electrophile.
Leaving group
An atom or group that can depart from the parent molecule during a nucleophilic substitution or elimination reaction.
Mechanism of electrophilic aromatic substitution
A two-step process involving the electrophilic attack on the aromatic ring followed by deprotonation.
Electrophilic aromatic substitution
A reaction where an electrophile substitutes for a hydrogen atom in an aromatic ring.
Mesomeric effect
The stabilizing effect of resonance in molecules that contain conjugated pi systems.
Diels-Alder reaction
A cycloaddition reaction between a conjugated diene and a dienophile to form a cyclic compound.
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