psych unit 4

Motivation

The driving forces behind one’s choices, behaviors, and thought patterns.

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

A theory that categorizes human needs into five levels: Biological, Safety, Social, Self-worth, and Self-actualization.

Drive Reduction Theory

A motivation theory proposing that we act to maintain homeostasis by fulfilling biological needs, leading to drives that initiate behavior.

Cognitive Motivation

Motivational theories that incorporate mental processes in decision making, including approach-approach and avoidance-avoidance choices.

Sternberg's Theory of Love

A framework suggesting that love has three components: passion, intimacy, and commitment.

Attachment Theory

A psychological model describing how the bonds formed with caregivers in infancy influence adult interpersonal relationships.

Intrinsic Motivation

Motivation driven by internal rewards, such as personal satisfaction or enjoyment.

Extrinsic Motivation

Motivation driven by external rewards or consequences.

Apgar Test

A quick assessment performed on newborns to determine their health status and need for immediate medical care.

Piaget's Cognitive Development

A theory asserting that children move through four stages of cognitive development: Sensorimotor, Pre-operational, Concrete Operations, and Formal Operations.

Kohlbergian Theory

A theory of moral development that proposes three levels of moral reasoning: Pre-Conventional, Conventional, and Post-Conventional.

Erikson's Stages of Development

A theory stating that each stage of life presents a crucial psychosocial conflict that shapes personal development.

Parenting Styles

Diana Baumrind's classification of parenting into three types: Authoritarian, Permissive, and Authoritative.

Big 5 Personality Traits

A model identifying five broad dimensions of personality: Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, and Neuroticism.

Freud's Defense Mechanisms

Psychological strategies used to cope with anxiety and maintain self-image, including denial, projection, and repression.

Psychosexual Stage Theory

Freud's theory of personality development through five stages: Oral, Anal, Phallic, Latent, and Genital.

Neo-Freudians

Psychologists who criticized and expanded upon Freud’s theories, including Adler, Horney, and Jung.