GCSE OCR Physical Education- Paper 2

Socio-cultural influences Sports Psychology Health, Fitness and Well-being

Name the 5 different social groups

Age, Gender, Ethnicity, Disability and Social-economic groups

What is a trend?

The direction in which something is developing or changing

What are the three actions Sport England are taking to improve participation rates in sport?

1. Promoting the benefits of being active

2. Tackling deep-rooted inequalities in sport

3. Investing in sport and physical activity

What is Sport England’s ten year plan called?

Uniting the movement

What does the name DCMS stand for?

Department of culture, media and sport

What is the role of the Youth Sport Trust (YST)

It equips, educates and empowers young people to enjoy the benefits of sport

Give two examples of national sport governing bodies

ECB- England and Wales Cricket board

And British Equestrian

Give two examples of international sport governing bodies

ICC- International cricket committee

and FEI

Why might age be a factor in sporting participation?

• Flexibility and strength decreasing with age

• Overall level of fitness (including tidal volume and stroke volume) decrease

• Injuries and illness more likely

Why might gender be a factor in sporting participation?

• male dominated culture within sport

• Lack of self confidence and self esteem

• Lack of media exposure and funding

Why might disability be a factor in sporting participation?

• lack of funding and accessibility

• Lack of media exposure and role models

• Physical health deteriorating

Why might ethnicity be a factor in sports participation?

• Wealth of the country

• Religious belief

• Lack of role models

Why might upbringing be a factor in sports participation?

• Excessive pressure from parents

• Lack of money to afford sport

• Lack of promotion and education of sport

What are the 3 main strategies to improve participation in sport?

Promotion, provision and access

How can sport be promoted?

Advertisements such as ‘this girl can’ and media exposure

How can we gain funds to improve sport provision?

Money coming from the national lottery, and distributed by UK Sport and Sport England

How can we improve sport provision when provided with funding?

We can provide suitable facilities, coaching sessions and clubs for under-represented social groups

How can we improve access to sport?

• Adjusting facilities to make them accessible for disabled people

• Subsidising sessions for lower income families

• Sessions specific for that social group

• Encouraging a timetable of varies activities

What is the DCMS?

A government department responsible for government policies related to sport

What is the organisation UK Sport?

An agency under government direction providing support for elite sports people. It distributes government funds, provides ethical standards of behaviour and oversees the work of sports councils

What is UK sports institute?

An organisation to provide elite sports people with the appropriate facilities and support.

What is the youth sports trust?

A sport agency responsible for the development of youth sport, and encouraging a healthy, active life style.

What is commercialisation?

The influence of commerce, trade or an industry to make a profit.

What is sponsorship?

The process of attempting to gain money from an activity

What are the three sides of the Golden Triangle?

Sponsorship, sport and media

What are the 5 types of media?

Television, Newspapers, Social media, internet and radio

Name 4 influences of media on sport

Event time changes, rule changes, sponsorship and technological innovation

Name three advantages of media in sport

Presents inspiring and positive role models, gives people a sense of belonging and generates revenue and investment in sport.

Name three disadvantages of media in sport

Can intrude on athlete’s privacy, sometimes showcases negative values and can undermine official’s decisions

Name two advantages of sponsorship for the performer

Allows athletes to have sport as their full time jobs and can lead to additional roles within sport post retirement.

Name two disadvantages of sponsorship for the performer

Can result in deviance as a result of pressure to succeed, and usually favours male over female and able bodied over disabled.

Name two positive effects of sponsorship for the spectators

Enhanced viewing experience due to investment in technology, and watching at home is cheaper than watching games live.

Name two negative effects of sponsorship for the spectator

TV breaks and advertisements can disrupt the viewing experience, and can pull fans away from watching live.

Name two advantages of sponsorship for the sport

Can cover the cost of coaching and player development, as well as the cost of running the event itself, including venue hire and cost of officials

Name two disadvantages of sponsorship for the sport

Sponsors can exploits and manipulate the performers, teams and events, and minority sports struggling to attract sponsorship

What are the three categories of behaviour within sport?

Sportsmanship, gamesmanship and deviance

Give an example of gamesmanship

Diving in football to gain a penalty

Give an example of sportsmanship

Shacking opponents hands after a game

Give an example of deviance

Taking performance enhancing drugs

Name 3 social reasons for drug use

Prepared to win at all costs, pressure to succeed and to ensure a level playing field if others are taking drugs

What do anabolic steroids mimic?

The hormone testosterone

What are the 4 desired effects of anabolic steroids?

Quicker recovery, ability to train harder and longer, muscular hypertrophy and increased aggression

Name 3 negative side effects of anabolic steroids

Hypertension, increased aggression and liver and kidney damage

What type of performers may take anabolic steroids? Give two examples

Any sport that requires power, e.g weightlifting or long jumping

What are the 3 desired effects of stimulants?

Increased alertness, masks fatigue and decreases reaction time

Name 4 negative side effects of stimulants

Risk of heartfailure, hypertension and stroke, and is additive.

What type of performers would use stimulants? Give two examples

Any sport which requires a explosiveness, for example sprinters or boxers

What rate the 4 desired effects of beta blockers?

Reduces heart rate and blood pressure, keeps hands steady and reduces the effect of adrenaline.

Name 4 negative effects of beta blockers?

Nausea, drowsiness and fatigue, head aches and low blood pressure

What type of performers might take beta blockers? Give two examples

Any sport which requires a steady hand and fine motor control, for example archery and shooting

Name three reasons why violence happens in sport

Frustration of official’s decision, player being over emotional and players being over competitive.

Give an example of a person who was violent in sport

Pauli Di Canio, who shoved the referee over.

What is the mnemonic for the characteristics of a skilful movements?

PEAFC

What are the 5 characteristics of a skilful movement?

Pre-determined, efficiency, aesthetics, fluent and coordiation

Define Pre-Determined (think PEAFC)

A skill performed having already been planned

Define efficiency (think PEAFAC)

The ability to perform a task without wasted energy

Define aesthetics (think PEAFC)

A skill that looks good

Define fluent (think PEAFC)

The ability to perform a skill at the same level each time

Define Coordinated (think PEAFC)

The ability to remain in control of the rate and timing of a skill

What are the two continuums that a skill can be classified on?

Environmental and difficulty

What is the difficulty continuum?

A measure of how simple or complex a skill is

Define an open skill

A skill that is affected by the sporting environment. The performer must make decisions in response to their surroundings

Define a close skill

A skill that involves less decision making because it has a predictable environment

Name three benefits of goal setting

It has an emphasis on motivation and discipline, it ensures progress, and it can increases focus and effort.

Name the two different types of goals

Performance goals and outcome goals

What do performance goals relate to?

The performance or technique of the activity

What do outcome goals relate to?

The end result

What is the mnemonic for goal setting?

SMART

What does SMART stand for?

Specific, Measurable, achievable, recorded and timed

Define specific (think SMART)

The requirement for a target to target a specific aspect of performance.

Define Measurable (think SMART)

The requirement for a target to be measured or compared

Define achievable (think SMART)

The requirement for a target to be challenging but reachable

Define recorded (think SMART)

The requirement for a target to be recorded so that they have clarity and are set.

Define timed (think SMART)

The requirement for a target to be on a time-scale.

Name three benefits of mental preparation

Reduces anxiety, can improve confidence and can help make a course or pitch more familiar

What are the four types of mental preparation?

Imagery, mental rehearsal, selective attention and positive thinking

Define imagery

The athlete imagining themself performing the activity, focussing on the feel and the environment

Define mental rehearsal

The athletes imagining themselves succeeding in the activity, picturing exactly how they would do that.

What is the difference between mental rehearsal and imagery?

Imagery is about FEEL whereas mental rehearsal is about OUTCOME

What is selective attention?

The removal of any distraction by focussing on a particular object in the environment.

What is positive thinking?

The use of positive inner thought to help refocus the athlete and reduce anxiety.

Define guidance

the information given to someone to help them develop a skill to improve and to optimise their performance.

When is guidance usually given? When is feedback usually given?

Guidance is usually given at the start whilst feedback is usually given at the end

What are the four types of guidance?

Visual guidance, verbal guidance, manual guidance and mechanical guidance

Give two types of visual guidance

Demonstration, and observation of technique from images or videos

What are the 3 advantages of visual guidance?

Provides learner with a mental image, draws attention to key points and good for simple skills where less information is needed

What are the 3 disadvantages of visual guidance?

Can demotivate learner if skill is too complex, can be an overload of information, and must be accurate or technique will be incorrect.

What are the 3 advantages of verbal guidance?

Feedback can be given immediately, tactics can be explained and gives technical information effectively

What are 3 disadvantages of verbal guidance?

Requires a basic understanding of terminology, can be an overload of information and learners may loose concentration

What is manual guidance?

A hands-on approach to ensure safety

Give three advantages of manual guidance

Builds confidence, eliminated dangers and gives early feel for whole skill

Give three disadvantages of manual guidance

May be uncomfortable, interferes with kinaesthetic awareness and learners may become dependent on support

What is mechanical guidance?

The use of equipment to help support the learner whilst practicing a skill

Give two advantages of mechanical guidance

Promotes confidence and helps to eliminate danger

Give two disadvantages of mechanical guidance

Learners can become dependent on equipment for support and feel may be different as a result of the equipment.

Name the four types of feedback

Intrinsic, extrinsic, knowledge of performance and knowledge of results

What is intrinsic feedback?

Information received by the athlete as a direct result of producing a movement through the kinaesthetic sense.

What is extrinsic feedback?

Feedback that comes from external sources

Positive feedback is often more ___________

Motivating

How does negative feedback often motivate people?

As they like to ‘prove’ people wrong