exam 3 cbg terms

Cell Cycle

A series of events that cells go through as they grow and divide.

Interphase

The phase of the cell cycle where the cell grows and DNA is replicated, encompassing G1, S, and G2 phases.

Mitosis

The process of cell division that results in two genetically identical daughter cells.

Cytokinesis

The final step of cell division where the cytoplasm divides, forming two separate cells.

G1 Phase

First gap phase where the cell grows and prepares for DNA replication.

S Phase

Synthesis phase where DNA is replicated, resulting in sister chromatids.

G2 Phase

Second gap phase where the cell prepares for mitosis.

Sister Chromatids

Identical halves of a duplicated chromosome, connected at the centromere.

Chromatin

A complex of DNA and histones that form chromosomes.

Centrosomes

Organelles that organize microtubules and contain centrioles, playing a key role in cell division.

Binary Fission

A method of asexual reproduction in prokaryotes where the cell divides into two identical cells.

Cyclins

Regulatory proteins that control the progression of the cell cycle.

CDKs

Cyclin-dependent kinases that are activated by cyclins to drive the cell cycle.

Telomeres

Repeated DNA sequences at the ends of chromosomes that protect them from degradation.

Aneuploidy

An abnormal number of chromosomes in a cell.

Trisomy 21

A genetic disorder caused by the presence of an extra chromosome 21, known as Down Syndrome.

Karyotype

The number and appearance of chromosomes in the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell.

Homozygous

Having two identical alleles for a particular gene.

Heterozygous

Having two different alleles for a given gene.

Genotype

The genetic makeup of an individual, representing the alleles they carry.

Phenotype

The observable physical or biochemical characteristics of an organism, determined by their genotype.

Punnett Square

A grid used to predict the genotype and phenotype outcomes of a genetic cross.

Law of Segregation

Mendel's law stating that allele pairs separate during gamete formation.

Law of Independent Assortment

Mendel's law stating that the segregation of alleles for one gene occurs independently of segregation of alleles for another gene.

Crossing Over

The exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes during meiosis.

Epistasis

A genetic interaction where one gene's expression is affected by another gene.

Polygenic Inheritance

A trait controlled by multiple genes.

Sex-Linked Traits

Traits that are determined by genes located on the sex chromosomes.

Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA)

DNA found in mitochondria that is inherited maternally and affects energy production.

Plasma Membrane

The semipermeable membrane surrounding the cytoplasm of a cell.

Integral Proteins

Proteins embedded in the lipid bilayer of cell membranes.

Peripheral Proteins

Proteins attached to the exterior or interior surfaces of cell membranes.